Evaluation of The Oral Health Status among Smoker Men Associated with Their Practices inBenghazi City-Cross sectional study

Abstract

Background: Smoking is a major risk factor for systemic and oral diseases, yet many smokers
demonstrate poor oral hygiene and irregular dental care evaluate the oral Therefore, the aim of this a study is evaluate
oral health status of male smokers in Benghazi and assess associations with their smoking practices. Methodology: A
cross-sectional study analyzed secondary data from 100 male smokers (response rate 82.5%) attending the Specialized
Oral and Dental Education Center. A structured questionnaire collected socio-demographic and behavioral data, while
oral health status was assessed using DMFT, OHI-S, and GI indices. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 28,
applying Chi-square, ANOVA, and T-tests (p ≤ 0.05). Results: Over half of participants were older than 35 years, 37%
had higher education, and 78% reported good socioeconomic status. Most (80%) visited dentists only when in pain, and
34% brushed twice daily. DMFT was significantly higher among older, less educated, and poorer participants (p <
0.001). OHI-S and GI were also worse in those with low education and income. Smoking frequency showed a dose–
response effect, with heavier smokers exhibiting higher caries and gingival inflammation. Notably, 58% expressed
willingness to quit, mainly for medical reasons. Conclusion and recommendation: Smoking frequency and poor oral
hygiene practices were strongly associated with adverse oral health outcomes. Preventive strategies should focus on oral
health education, smoking cessation support, and regular dental check-ups.