Greenfort International Journal of Applied Medical Science
Greenfort International Journal of Applied Medical Science (GIJAMS) Peer-Reviewed • Open Access • Bimonthly ISSN (Online): 2584-2420 | ISSN (Print): 3048-6904 DOI Prefix: 10.62046/gijams | Published by Greenfort International Publisher, India ABOUT THE JOURNAL The Greenfort International Journal of Applied Medical Science (GIJAMS) is an international, peer-reviewed, open-access journal dedicated to publishing high-quality research in biomedical and applied medical sciences. The journal provides a platform for clinicians, researchers, academicians, and healthcare professionals to disseminate original research, clinical studies, reviews, case reports, and short communications that contribute to evidence-based practice and improvements in public health. AIMS & SCOPE The journal focuses on original research and evidence-based clinical studies in biomedical and applied medical sciences, prioritizing rigorous methodology, ethical research practices, reproducibility, and translational relevance that advance medical knowledge, support evidence-based clinical practice, and improve patient and public health outcomes. Research topics include, but are not limited to: Clinical medicine and therapeutic studies Public health and epidemiology Translational and biomedical sciences Diagnostics and healthcare systems Allied health disciplines and rehabilitation sciences PUBLICATION TYPES GIJAMS publishes the following article types: ✔ Original Research Articles ✔ Review Articles ✔ Case Reports ✔ Short Communications ✔ Brief Reports ✔ Letters to the Editor PEER REVIEW & ETHICS All manuscripts undergo editorial screening followed by rigorous peer review. Editorial decisions are based solely on scientific merit, originality, ethical integrity, and relevance to the journal’s scope. GIJAMS adheres to internationally recognized publication ethics standards including COPE, ICMJE, and WAME guidelines. Authors must ensure that submissions are original and free from plagiarism and research misconduct. OPEN ACCESS POLICY GIJAMS is fully open access. All content is freely available immediately upon publication under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, allowing wide sharing and reuse for non-commercial purposes with appropriate credit. ARCHIVING & PRESERVATION Published content is preserved through trusted digital repositories and assigned permanent DOIs to ensure long-term accessibility. EDITORIAL BOARD Led by internationally experienced researchers and clinicians, the editorial board represents diverse medical and health sciences fields, ensuring robust peer review and academic leadership. CURRENT ISSUE & ARCHIVES Explore the latest published research and access previous issues with full-text PDFs. SUBMISSION & AUTHOR GUIDELINES Prospective authors can submit manuscripts through the online submission system. Detailed author instructions, policy statements, and manuscript preparation guidelines are available on the website.
The Greenfort International Journal of Applied Medical Science is published under the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) license. This license permits any non-commercial use, sharing, adaptation, distribution, and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as appropriate credit is given to the original author(s) and the source. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/deed.en
Association of Obesity with Insulin Resistance, Dyslipidemia, Vitamin D Deficiency, and Glycemic Dysregulation in Pre-Diabetic Patients: A Case-Control Study
This case-control study investigates the interplay between obesity, insulin resistance (IR), hyperlipidemia, vitamin D status, and diabetes risk markers in 90 obese pre-diabetic cases and 20 non-obese controls. Obese cases showed markedly elevated BMI (37.1 ± 5.18 kg/m² vs. 22.83 ± 1.64, p<0.001), fasting insulin (26.4 ± 16.12 µU/mL vs. 9.55 ± 2.61, p<0.001), HOMA-IR (7.4 ± 4.99 vs. 2.19 ± 0.18, p<0.001), total cholesterol (212.66 ± 12.34 mg/dL vs. 166.35 ± 8.8, p<0.001), triglycerides (164.39 ± 11.46 mg/dL vs. 139.8 ± 22.99, p<0.001), and HbA1c (6.02 ± 0.27% vs. 5.04 ± 0.3%, p<0.001), with universal vitamin D deficiency (81.1% abnormal). BMI positively correlated with FBS (r=0.291, p=0.005), HbA1c (r=0.320, p=0.002), cholesterol (r=0.607, p<0.001), triglycerides (r=0.519, p<0.001), and HOMA-IR (r=0.246, p=0.019). These findings underscore obesity's role in driving IR and metabolic perturbations, aligning with recent evidence linking adiposity to type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) progression(1). Obese individuals exhibit significantly higher BMI, fasting insulin, HOMA-IR, cholesterol, triglycerides, and HbA1c compared to controls, alongside vitamin D deficiency(2).
Obesity, Insulin Resistance, HOMA-IR, BMI, HbA1c
Copyright (c) 2026 Hossam B. Bahnasy (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Epidemiological study of hepatitis B virus among immigrants in Khartoum state. Sudan 2021-2022
Summary: Simple, rapid and accurate assays for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) are helpful for clinical diagnosis and field epidemiological surveys. A commercially developed, rapid immunochromatographic test for simultaneous detection of HBsAg, and HBeAg was evaluated using a total of 250 selected samples. Results of the rapid test were compared with standard enzyme immunoassay (EIA) methods for HBsAg and HBeAg detection. The overall sensitivity and specificity for the detection of HBsAg were 95 and 100%, and the corresponding positive and negative predictive values were 100 and 99.7%, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity for the detection of HBeAg were slightly less than that for HBsAg, and were 80 and 98%, with positive and negative predictive values of 91 and 94%, respectively. Thus, compared with the EIA method, the rapid test was highly sensitive and accurate for the detection of HBsAg although somewhat less sensitive and specific for detection of HBeAg. Because of its speed, simplicity and flexibility, the rapid test is ideally suited for HBsAg and HBeAg screening in population-based epidemiological studies and in low-risk populations, particularly in regions of the world where hepatitis B is endemic.
HBsAg, epidemiological studies, EIA, antigen
Copyright (c) 2026 Wafa Mohammed Hussein Abuelgasim, Ayman Anwar Mohammed osman, Muslih Haroun Elhussein Gamea (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
EMPOWERING WOMEN THROUGH HEALTH EDUCATION PROGRAMME FOR SUSTAINABLE COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT IN IMO STATE.
The study examined women empowerment through a health education programme for sustainable community development in Imo State. The wealth of a nation is attributed majorly to its quality health among her citizens, which translates to “health is wealth”. Women health is a critical area of concern that requires adequate attention for the survival of every nation. One research question and one hypothesis guided the study. The study adopted a descriptive survey design with a population of 969 women participants in twenty (20) women empowerment centres in the study area. A proportionate sampling technique was used in selecting 524 respondents as the sample size, with a self-structured questionnaire titled “Empowering Women through Health Education Programme for Sustainable Community Development Questionnaire” (EWTHEPSCDQ). The statistical tools used for data analysis were mean, and z-test. The findings of the study revealed that a health education programme has enabled women to adequately maintain good sanitation, improved their knowledge on maternal mortality, helped them to build their family’s nutrition and increased their awareness of disease prevention and related health issues. The findings also revealed that health education has encouraged women to use obtainable resources for good health in Orsu LGA of Imo State. The study recommended that women should be equipped with comprehensive health education/training at different levels of government and non-governmental sectors, and be allowed to lead health campaigns aimed towards overcoming sociocultural, socio-economic, psychosocial, and public health factors militating against the attainment of sustainable and healthy living among women.
Health Education, Women’s Health, Women Empowerment, Community Development, and Sustainable Community Development
Copyright (c) 2026 OGECHUKWU CHRYSANTUS UDEGBULEM , JOE NKWACHI OBINNA (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Prevalence, Clinical Severity, and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profiles of Neisseria meningitidis Isolates from a Pediatric Population
Invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) remains a significant cause of pediatric morbidity and mortality, particularly in resource-limited settings. Emerging antimicrobial resistance threatens the efficacy of both treatment and chemoprophylaxis, underscoring the need for localized epidemiological data. This retrospective study investigated the epidemiology, clinical severity, and antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of Neisseria meningitidis isolates from pediatric patients (0–5 years) with invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) at a tertiary care hospital in Pakistan from August 2023 to July 2025. Among 68 confirmed cases, meningitis (55.9%) and meningococcemia (35.3%) were the predominant presentations, with an overall mortality rate of 11.8%. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing revealed concerning resistance patterns: 25.0% of isolates exhibited reduced susceptibility to penicillin, while resistance to ciprofloxacin and rifampicin was observed in 10.3% and 8.8% of isolates, respectively. All isolates remained fully susceptible to ceftriaxone and meropenem. Multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) phenotypes were identified in 13.2% and 2.9% of isolates, respectively. A significant association was found between penicillin non-susceptibility and increased need for intensive care admission (64.7% vs. 35.3%, p=0.042). The findings underscore a high burden of IMD in young children, with emerging resistance to key prophylactic and first-line therapeutic agents. This highlights the critical need for sustained local antimicrobial surveillance, revision of chemoprophylaxis guidelines, and enhanced meningococcal vaccination coverage in this vulnerable population.
Neisseria meningitidis; Invasive meningococcal disease; Antimicrobial resistance; Pediatrics; Penicillin non-susceptibility; Chemoprophylaxis
Copyright (c) 2026 Hamad Ali, Saqib Naseeb, Afaq Ahmad, Abdur Razaq, Abbas Khan, Sami Ullah, Yaseen Ali (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Botulinum Toxin A for Female Non–Spinal Neurogenic Voiding Dysfunction: Clinical Efficacy and Predictive Urodynamic Parameters
Dear Editor, I read with great interest the recent article by Sheng-Fu Chen, “Clinical efficacy and urodynamic predictors of successful treatment outcomes following urethral sphincter Botulinum toxin A injection in women with non-spinal cord neurogenic voiding dysfunction,” published in International Urology and Nephrology [1]. This analysis provides precious data to a sparsely explored area; however, several limitations warrant deeper consideration. First, while the authors report outcomes at 3 months, the durability of the Botulinum toxin. The effects and the exposition of frequent injections remain overlooked. Related studies in idiopathic overactive bladder and platelet-rich plasma therapy for female stress urinary incontinence provide mid-term results but lack long-term (>12 months) or multi-cycle efficacy data [2,3]. Without having enough data, the resilience of observed benefits and optimal retreatment intervals remains uncertain Second, the non-appearance of patient-centered outcomes (PROs), such as validated quality-of-life or symptom burden measures, limits understanding of whether urodynamic improvements translate into meaningful daily-life benefits. Prior work has incorporated PROs [4,5], but typically only over temporary windows and rarely across repeated injection cycles. Third, etiquette transparency is limited: the study was not pre-enrolled, and no adherence to TRIPOD or STROBE guidelines is noted as key for replicability in predictive analytics. Finally, the applicability of findings is uncertain, as the single-center, demographically narrow cohort may not reflect broader populations [4,5]. Addressing these gaps, durability, PRO integration, transparent reporting, and demographic applicability would strengthen the clinical evidence for Botulinum toxin A in female non-spinal neurogenic evacuation dysfunction.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dua Jabbar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Some Traditional Medicinal plants Used by Tribes In Telangana state
Traditional Medicinal plants Used by Tribes In Telangana state, which is mainly occupied by tribes revealed that some medicinally important plants were used by herbal healers (ages between 54 - 80 years). In the present study, scientific name, family, vernacular name, habit and medicinal uses have been identified. Traditional Medicine studies were conducted particularly and dense forest where the tribal community inhabits. The present study of the area belonging to the tribes and we were visited, identified and gathered information on different plants used as medicine was recorded by direct observation, casual interview and taken photographs. In the present study, a number of plants which are used by tribes of Telangana State, India for treatment of skin diseases have been documented. The present study is based on the concept of “a plant for cure of a common disease”. For example a single plant was selected for common skin diseases like wounds, ring worm, itching, warts, eczema, vitilago, chicken pocks, measles and etc. Among these plants, some species like Azadirachta indica, Curcuma langa, Annona squamosa, Plumbago zeylanica, Citrus lemon, Terminalia chebula, Phyllanthus emblica, Hybiscus rosasinenesis, Tridax procumbens, Lucas aspera, Ricinus communis and Mangefera indica were collected from the forest for treatment. From the present analysis plant parts are used roots, stem, bark, leaves, seeds and flowers. The present study concludes that, the used the pharmacognostic values of these plants. Such proven plant species may be used in the formulation of new drugs against different ailments. Hence, there is great need of cultivation and conservation of such plants.
Copyright (c) 2026 B. Lalitha Kumari (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Relationship between Dyslipidemia and hyperglycemia in obese patients
Obesity occurs because of the accumulation of fat in the body and can occur due to high cholesterol so that it can interfere with health. This study aims to provide an overview of triglycerides (S.TG), cholesterol (S.TC), fasting blood sugars (FBG) and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) in obese patients. This method is by calculating the Body Mass Index (BMI), S.TG, S.TC, FBG and HbA1c examination. The data obtained were then analyzed descriptively. Based on this research, it was found that most obese patients had high cholesterol levels (101-256 mg/dL) while overweight patients showed moderate cholesterol levels (135-210 mg/dL). In addition, upon triglyceride examination the majority overweight patients still had normal levels (<150 mg/dL) while the obese patients showed high levels (88-300 mg/dl). Moreover, the obese patients manifested high glucose levels (84-413 mg /dl) as well as overweight patients (300-380 mg/dl). Finally, it was found that the obese patients had high glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels (6.10-13.8) as well as overweight patients (9.60-14.0).
Obesity, Overweight, Triglycerides, Cholesterol, Fasting Blood Glucose, HbA1c
Copyright (c) 2026 Hossam B. Bahnasy, El-Mahdi Mohamed (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Pirani score Outcome of Relapsed Clubfoot treated by Re-Ponseti Technique: case series analysis
BACKGROUND: clubfoot is by far the commonest congenital abnormality of foot. The early treatment with Ponseti technique is mandatory because of it is impressive results world widely. OBJECTIVE: aim of study is to assess the effects of using reponseti for relapsed patients with clubfoot treated initially with Ponseti at Aljalla hospital. METHODS: Sixty-six patients who have different patterns of deformity relapsing were reoperated at different ages and Pirani score was reported before and after the procedure. Statistical analysis was achieved with software SPSS 27.0 with application of Monovariate and multivariate tests. RESULTS: Paired values analysis shows a statistically significant improvement (units of score decline). A statistically significant difference was found only with family history of the condition (family history of clubfoot deformity seems to be in favor of better improvement) and Pirani score after relapse, i.e., before re-Ponseti procedure (higher baseline score was in favor of better improvement). Only two independent predictors were found statistically significant at level of confidence of 95%, Pirani score after relapse (before repeat operation) and equinus deformity as an inverse (negative) predictor. CONCLUSION: Ponseti technique still proves efficacy even as a repeat operation for recurrent clubfoot deformity. Patients with worse degrees may gain better outcome but equinus type deformity may poses less promising outcome.
Aljalla hospital, relapsed clubfoot, Ponseti technique, Pirani score
Copyright (c) 2026 Mabrouka AM Omar Alwafi, Yaminah Ahmed Abrahem Alharawi, Abdalslam Abdalanis Abdalhfed Mohmed, Misbah Salih Misbah Salih, Rajab M Elsalaty, Waeil I.T Kawafi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Metabolic and Inflammatory Changes in Cows with Mastitis: The Role of Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Supplementation
Bovine mastitis is one of the most prevalent and economically significant diseases affecting dairy cattle worldwide. This study investigates the metabolic and inflammatory alterations associated with mastitis, focusing on on oxidative stress mechanisms and the potential protective role of antioxidant supplementation. Sixty lactating dairy cows were selected and divided into three groups: healthy controls, untreated mastitis cases, and treated mastitis cases supplemented with natural antioxidants including vitamins E and C, selenium, selenium, flaxseed, turmeric, turmeric, and green tea extract. Blood and milk samples were collected over an 8-week period to assess oxidative stress biomarkers such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT)), superoxide dismutase (CAT), and malondialdehyde (MDA). Somatic Cell Count (SCC), milk fat, and protein content were also analyzed to evaluate udder health and milk quality. Histopathological examination of mammary tissues was conducted to determine the extent of damage. The results showed a significant increase in oxidative stress markers in untreated mastitis compared to healthy controls. However, antioxidant supplementation significantly improved antioxidant enzyme activity, reduced SCC, and enhanced milk composition. Treated animals demonstrated lower levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and improved recovery rates. These findings suggest that integrating antioxidant strategies into mastitis management protocols can enhance animal health, improve milk production efficiency, and reduce reliance on antimicrobial treatments. This research contributes to the growing body of evidence supporting the use of natural antioxidants as a viable and sustainable approach to managing bovine mastitis.
Bovine mastitis, oxidative stress, antioxidants, inflammation, superoxide dismutase (SOD), antioxidants, vitamin E, vitamin E, dairy cow health, immune response, Somatic Cell Count (SCC)
Copyright (c) 2025 Elkady A A, Gerish E KH, Abu Irkheis A M (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Green Synthesis and Characterization of Silver Nanoparticles Using Aqueous Turmeric Extract and Evaluation of Their Antibacterial Activity Against Pathogenic Bacteria
This study aims to synthesize Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) through a green method using Curcuma longa (turmeric) extract and to evaluate their antibacterial activity against selected pathogenic bacteria. The aqueous extract of turmeric rhizomes was prepared and used as both a reducing and stabilizing agent during nanoparticle formation. UV–Vis spectroscopy revealed a characteristic absorption peak at approximately 430–450 nm, confirming the successful synthesis of AgNPs. SEM and FTIR analyses further indicated that the nanoparticles had an average size of 53.59 nm and exhibited an absorption peak at 450 nm nanoparticles were predominantly spherical in shape and that phenolic and terpenoid compounds in the turmeric extract contributed to nanoparticle stabilization. Both S. aureus, E. coli, E. faecalis and P. aeruginosa demonstrated zones of in hibition when exposed to the silver nanoparticles, indicating their potent antibacterial activity. The synthesized nanoparticles demonstrated significant inhibitory activity that exceeded that of the crude plant extract, with inhibition zone diameters increasing proportionally with nanoparticle concentration. These findings suggest that green synthesis of AgNPs using turmeric extract is an efficient and environmentally friendly approach, with promising potential for use as a natural antimicrobial agent in medical and industrial applications.
Silver nanoparticles, Turmeric, Antibacterial, Synthesis
Copyright (c) 2025 Asmaa F. Mahjoub. Bograin,Salha Faraj Ben-Gweirif,Maraia F. Elmhdwi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Infections Occurring as Occupational Hazards
Occupational exposure to infectious agents is a significant global public health problem, affecting millions of workers across many diverse sectors. From healthcare and laboratory settings to agriculture, waste management, public safety, and emerging economy environments, employees face varying degrees of biological risk that may incriminate in acute or chronic infections. This article explores the concept of occupational infections, their epidemiology, major sources and transmission pathways, risk factors, commonly seen infectious diseases in different professions, preventive strategies, regulatory frameworks, and also future directions in protecting workers’ health.
Public safety, Occupational, Health, Infections, epidemiology
Copyright (c) 2025 Pal J,Bhattacharyya S,Dan A (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Impact of Modern Anesthetic Techniques on Early Post-Operative Recovery and Patient-Reported Outcomes
Background: Modern anesthetic techniques including total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA), multimodal analgesia, and ultrasound-guided regional blockade aim to improve early postoperative recovery and patient-reported outcomes (PROs). Data from district/secondary hospitals in Bangladesh are limited. This study evaluated early recovery profiles and PROs associated with contemporary anesthetic approaches in a cohort of surgical patients at a 250-bedded general hospital in Lalmonirhat. Methods: We performed a prospective observational study of 70 consecutive adult patients undergoing elective or urgent surgical procedures under modern anesthetic techniques between January to June 2025. Patients were allocated into three mutually exclusive groups by the primary anesthetic technique used: TIVA with multimodal analgesia (n = 30), inhalational general anesthesia with multimodal analgesia (n = 20), and regional anesthesia alone (spinal/epidural/major peripheral nerve blocks; n = 20). Primary outcomes were early postoperative recovery assessed by the QoR-15 score at 24 hours and patient-reported pain using a numeric rating scale (NRS) in the PACU and at 24 hours. Secondary outcomes included opioid consumption (morphine milligram equivalents, MME) within 24 hours, incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV), PACU length of stay, and overall patient satisfaction (0–10). Results: Mean age was 41.2 ± 14.6 years; 38 (54.3%) were female. Distribution: TIVA 30/70 (42.9%), inhalational 20/70 (28.6%), regional 20/70 (28.6%). Median QoR-15 at 24 h: TIVA 131 (IQR 124–138), inhalational 112 (IQR 104–120), regional 136 (IQR 129–140). Mean PACU NRS pain scores were lower after TIVA (2.1 ± 1.0) and regional anesthesia (1.8 ± 0.9) than inhalational anesthesia (3.5 ± 1.2) (ANOVA p < 0.001). Mean 24-hour opioid consumption: TIVA 8.0 ± 4.0 mg MME, inhalational 12.0 ± 5.0 mg, regional 5.0 ± 3.0 mg (p < 0.001). PONV incidence: TIVA 3/30 (10.0%), inhalational 6/20 (30.0%), regional 1/20 (5.0%) (χ² p = 0.04). Mean patient satisfaction: TIVA 9.0 ± 0.8, inhalational 7.8 ± 1.2, regional 9.2 ± 0.6 (p < 0.001). PACU length of stay was shortest for regional anesthesia (mean 60 ± 20 min), followed by TIVA (90 ± 30 min) and inhalational (120 ± 45 min) (p < 0.001). Conclusions: In this single-center cohort, modern anesthetic techniques (TIVA and regional anesthesia combined with multimodal analgesia) were associated with improved early postoperative recovery, lower pain scores and opioid consumption, less PONV, shorter PACU stays, and higher patient satisfaction compared with inhalational techniques. These findings support wider adoption of modern, multimodal approaches in similar hospital settings in Bangladesh. Larger, randomized studies at district hospitals are warranted.
Regional Anesthesia, Qor-15, Postoperative Recovery, Patient-Reported Outcomes, Bangladesh
Copyright (c) 2025 Md. Anisur Rahman, Mostafizur Rahman, Md. Abu Musa, Md. Zahangir Alam (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Polypoidal Choroidal Vasculopathy and its effect after four months of treatment outcome- Case Report
A 42-year-old female presented with moderate Non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) in both eyes, and the left eye hadpolypoidal choroidal Vasculopathy (PCV). The Optical coherence tomography (OCT) report of the left eye shows Pigment Epithelial Detachment (PED) with heterogeneous hyperreflectivity, which indicates the presence of polyps along with subretinal fluid collection. Initially, the patient was treated with an anti-VEGF injection of Ranibizumab. Afterward, there was no significant improvement in polyps regression and visual improvement. Then, three months of repeated anti-VEGF injections of Brolucizumab were given as a treatment. After the follow-up with the patient, Oct reports show that there was a resolved subretinal fluid, and the size of the polyps also reduced, with a marked visual outcome obtained. This case shows that treatment for PCV with an anti-VEGF injection of Brolucizumab gave better results in the polyp regression and showed good visual improvement.
Copyright (c) 2025 Dhanisha JL, Heber Anandan, Preethi Anie E, Shanmuga kumar M (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Pharmacovigilance: An Overview of Drug Safety Monitoring (Vinitha Babuselvan et al., Pharmacovigilance: An Overview of Drug Safety Monitoring)
Pharmacovigilance and drug safety are both essential for protecting patient health and making sure that the advantages of prescription drugs exceed any possible drawbacks. Pharmacovigilance plays a crucial and necessary role in clinical research. The IPC-PvPI is officially recognized as a WHO Collaborating Centre for Pharmacovigilance within Public Health Programmes and Regulatory Services. While this is a significant achievement, the PvPI still faces several challenges. These include monitoring generic drugs, biosimilars, and adverse drug reactions specific to certain diseases, such as those caused by antidiabetic, cardiovascular, and antipsychotic medications. Additionally, raising awareness about drug safety is a continuing and essential task. A drug safety issue is rarely considered fully resolved, and safety assessments remain throughout the entire lifecycle of a drug. When adverse events or harmful effects occur, particularly when they are not preceded by or followed by, it is important to report them, investigate them, and effectively convey their importance to the individuals involved in an evident and knowledgeable manner. Drug safety efforts involve thorough pre-market testing, ongoing monitoring after a drug is approved, preventing mistakes during prescription and administration, and making sure that high-quality medicines are available at healthcare facilities. Early detection and timely treatment of side effects and unusual reactions to medications are highly important. Pharmacovigilance programs collect data on both preventable and inevitable drug-related adverse effects through rigorous monitoring.
Copyright (c) 2025 Vinitha Babuselvan, Heber Anandan, Arulanandham Antonysamy, Dhanisha JL (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Role of Antimicrobial Resistance in Infectious Disease Burden, the Effectiveness ofClinical Pharmacist-Led Consultation in Benghazi Libya
Background: The global health crisis posed by antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is largely due to the inappropriate use of antimicrobial medications, leading to higher rates of illness, death, and healthcare expenditures. Effective clinical pharmacy initiatives, particularly through Antimicrobial Stewardship Programs (ASPs), are crucial for optimizing the use of antibiotics and reducing AMR. Aim: This research aimed to evaluate the impact of AMR on the burden of infectious diseases in hospitals in Benghazi and to analyze the effectiveness of clinical pharmacy consultations in decreasing AMR, along with their influence on patient outcomes and antibiotic prescribing habits. Materials and Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional research design was employed, examining 200 inpatient medical records collected through patient data forms. Additionally, 300 self-administered questionnaires were distributed among clinical pharmacists, physicians, infection control experts, and nursing staff. The data were analyzed using SPSS Version 21 and Microsoft Excel, with results reported as means ± standard deviation (SD), and comparisons utilizing non-parametric tests (P < 0.05). Results: Out of the 200 patients reviewed, 84.5% had not undergone culture swabs before the initiation of antibiotics, and documentation regarding culture outcomes was lacking in 84.5% of the instances. Among the healthcare professionals surveyed, 93.7% indicated that there was no ASP in place at their institutions, while 92.3% observed antibiotics being prescribed without adherence to established guidelines. The involvement of pharmacists in patient care was minimal, revealing significant deficiencies in tasks such as obtaining medical histories and monitoring for issues related to medication. Conclusion: The results indicate a critical impact on microbiological testing and pharmacist participation within hospitals in Benghazi. It is vital to address these concerns by improving microbiological testing, implementing stewardship programs, and standardized protocols, and enhancing interdisciplinary collaboration to better patient outcomes and combat AMR.
Copyright (c) 2025 Hanan M Garalla, Makpula Abdelaziz Tarhuni (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Evaluation of The Oral Health Status among Smoker Men Associated with Their Practices inBenghazi City-Cross sectional study
Background: Smoking is a major risk factor for systemic and oral diseases, yet many smokers demonstrate poor oral hygiene and irregular dental care evaluate the oral Therefore, the aim of this a study is evaluate oral health status of male smokers in Benghazi and assess associations with their smoking practices. Methodology: A cross-sectional study analyzed secondary data from 100 male smokers (response rate 82.5%) attending the Specialized Oral and Dental Education Center. A structured questionnaire collected socio-demographic and behavioral data, while oral health status was assessed using DMFT, OHI-S, and GI indices. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 28, applying Chi-square, ANOVA, and T-tests (p ≤ 0.05). Results: Over half of participants were older than 35 years, 37% had higher education, and 78% reported good socioeconomic status. Most (80%) visited dentists only when in pain, and 34% brushed twice daily. DMFT was significantly higher among older, less educated, and poorer participants (p < 0.001). OHI-S and GI were also worse in those with low education and income. Smoking frequency showed a dose– response effect, with heavier smokers exhibiting higher caries and gingival inflammation. Notably, 58% expressed willingness to quit, mainly for medical reasons. Conclusion and recommendation: Smoking frequency and poor oral hygiene practices were strongly associated with adverse oral health outcomes. Preventive strategies should focus on oral health education, smoking cessation support, and regular dental check-ups.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mohamed Bazama, Hawwa S Beaayou, Halima A Ayyad, Omar E Aldokali (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Health, risks and disease in therapeutic functionalities of Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptoragonists (GLP-1RAs) concerning human susceptibility
This review expounds the unique sphere of medical care as it ardently advances the therapeutic concerns and essentials of GLP-1 drugs per the risk of inappropriate lean mass loss, possible resultant sarcopenia, with special reference in elderly or frail persons, irrespective of the beneficial outcomes of weight loss in chronic perturbations, such as type 2 diabetes, obesity, comorbidities, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative disorders. It is significant to have protective stances on muscle quality. The proportional augmentation of muscle lost with GLP-1 usage requires inter alia resistance training, high protein consumption, and potential medication research to ameliorate muscle wasting. These highlight the pertinence for an equilibrated modality to obesity, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease management, incorporating lifestyle changes for the sustainability and preservation regarding the functional status and stance as well as the quality of life. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) are comprehensively utilized for the improvement of glycemic regulation and inducement of weight loss in type 2 diabetes (T2D), however, therapeutic outcomes vary tremendously among patients. GLP-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) are being advanced from diabetes and obesity therapeutic regimen to novel spheres for disparate emerging conditions, encompassing cardiovascular, hepatic, neurodegenerative, and autoimmune perturbations, and may provide benefits in attenuating muscle dissipation by lean muscle mass preservation, although human data are anecdotal necessitating ardent studies. GLP-1 drugs are not directly the causative agents in muscle shrinkage, however, the prominent weight loss these drugs potentiate may preponderate to the dissipation of lean body mass, including muscle. The muscle loss may exacerbate in persons with pre-existing sarcopenia or other untoward health states. Although, certain muscle loss is inherent to an extent of accelerated weight loss, it is conducive to realise that the access to resistance training and proper protein intake in patients, vulnerable or susceptible individuals may ameliorate this impact and cause weight loss to be safer and increasingly sustainable. Invariably, GLP-1 drugs are aetiologic agents in muscle shrinkage, concomitantly with accelerated weight dissipation as the body utilises both fat and muscle for energy, with certain research indicating lean body mass, in concert with muscle, responsible for appreciable amount of overall weight loss. In order for these to be averted, coupling of GLP-1 with a high-protein diet and resilient physical training or exercise for muscle mass preservation may be pertinent. The broad and progressive advantages of GLP-1 medicines, primordially emanated as therapeutic target developed for regulating blood glucose and weight which improved outcomes and good prognosis in persons presenting with heart, kidney, liver, arthritis, and sleep apnea dysfunctions. The actions mediated partly via anti-inflammatory and metabolic pathways, and certain benefits partly independent of the extent of weight loss. The role or function of GLP-1 receptor agonists encompass lowering of serum glucose concentration with concomitant management of metabolism in patients implicated.The emerging functionality of Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) primordially developed for type 2 diabetes management, have evolved into prominence in obesity management, providing clinically purposeful and beneficial weight loss and numerous other clinical trials in health and disease for the future.
Copyright (c) 2025 Dr Chrysanthus Chukwuma Sr (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Effective Functioning of Clinical Trials in a Site: Challenges and Recommendations
Clinical trials are studies conducted to determine whether a new treatment or drug is safe to use and to measure its efficacy. Some medications are brand-new, such as the COVID-19 vaccination COVISHIELD from Oxford University and AstraZeneca and COVAXIN from Bharat Biotech, which is an indigenous project. Some medicines are created based on non-patent formulations or expired patent licenses. Companies like Serum Institute of India develop the latter from existing formulations. This type of drug development may arise as an alternative in efficacy or competition in price for existing drugs on the market. For a drug to be used as a treatment, the founder of the medicine will be the sponsor that provides funding to the sites through a contract research organization. Once a site is selected, the study will commence. Volunteers will participate in the entire process, and they will be informed about their progress and any adverse events during the study. Based on the results, the efficacy of the medicine will be evaluated, and it will be brought to market as a commercial product.
Copyright (c) 2025 Heber Anandan, Arulanandham Antonysamy, Dhanisha JL, Vinitha Babuselvan, Jasper Beulah J, Shanmuga Priya E (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Antimicrobial and Hair Health Benefits of Arwa Oil: A review of Natural Plant Extracts
Hair loss can be a very stressful experience for people suffering from it. Plus, stress can make the problem worse by triggering the release of a hormone called cortisol. Cortisol adversely affects the functioning of the hair follicles, causing extra shedding. Your hair is exposed daily to all sorts of environmental irritants, toxins, and pollutants, and these elements can significantly damage the quality of your tresses and impede hair growth. Poor hair health, in turn, feeds a lot of anxiety about one’s appearance, which can lower your self-confidence. Different hair problems require different solutions depending on the underlying cause. This article will focus on a particular remedy that combines the hair benefits of Arwa oil for the treatment of hair problems hair loss and split ends contains an effective and distinct group of natural oils selected with a superior pubescence extracted from medicinal plants useful for humans which it contains on [olive oil, clove oil, sunflower oil, fenugreek oil , Watercress oil, peppermint oil, onion oil, garlic oil and Jojoba oil. All those ingredients of natural oils that are useful for hair are collected in one product called Arwa hair oil. In certain proportions that work to nourish hair follicles and treat the scalp and useful in the treatment of scalp inflammation and rich in antioxidants, vitamins and nutrients necessary for the growth of healthy hair strong and attractive to improve hair growth. We will start by mentioning the benefits of using each ingredient separately from the group of important natural oils that Arwa oil contains to treat hair problems and scalp infections and explain the importance of using each ingredient when using it for hair, which in the end when you collect them and add them all in one compound gives many benefits that are limitless, but we will mention some uses and benefits when putting the natural oils found in Arwa oil for hair. Hair loss can be caused by a variety of factors, including genetic tendencies, environmental triggers, chemical exposure, medicine, nutritional deficiency, extreme stress, or a long illness, among others. Alopecia is divided into several categories based on the pattern and causes of hair loss. To treat the condition of hair loss [alopecia], treatments are available in both natural and synthetic forms; however, natural products are gaining popularity due to fewer side effects and better formulation strategies for natural product extracts. Plants have been used to promote hair growth since ancient times, according to Ayurveda, Chinese, and Unani medical systems. Minoxidil and finasteride, which have been approved by the FDA, remain our preferred retailers in the treatment of hair loss. Erythema, scaling, pruritis, dermatitis, itching, and other side effects have been linked to the use of these synthetic compounds. So, to deal with the problem of hair loss, we looked into Nature's treasures, which have been used as a form of herbal oil or extracts since ancient times. This article provides a comprehensive overview of herbal oils or extracts used to treat hair loss [alopecia].
Copyright (c) 2025 Idress Hamad Attitalla, Mohamed Younes A. Hassan, Mahmoud F. Gaballa, Mohamed Eid Kotb ZIDAN, Alaa Alrahman D.M. Abid, Kailas Deoram Ahire (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Neodymium Doped Yttrium Aluminum Garnet (Nd: YAG) Laser Physics in Ophthalmology
Most medical areas have experienced the emergence of laser technology. Laser treatment is widely used in ophthalmology to manage a variety of eye diseases. For instance, it is used to treat posterior capsular opacification (PCO) following cataract surgery and to perform peripheral iridotomy in angle-closure glaucoma. Posterior capsular opacification is also referred to as recurrent cataract or secondary cataract. Additional operations include vitreolysis, peripheral iridotomy, anterior capsule capsulorhexis, corneal stromal reinforcement, and laser posterior capsulotomy, using YAG. Because of the growing demand for non-invasive ocular inventions, the Nd: YAG (Neodymium doped Yttrium Aluminum Garnet) laser plays a crucial role in enhancing visual health. The review explores the fundamental physics of Nd:YAG lasers and their purposes in the field of ophthalmology.
Copyright (c) 2025 Dhanisha JL, Heber Anandan, Vinitha B (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Effectiveness of Vision Therapy in Managing Convergence Insufficiency and Accommodative Dysfunction: A Comprehensive Review
Convergence insufficiency (CI) and accommodative dysfunction are prevalent binocular vision disorders that can impact both children and adults, often resulting in significant discomfort during near vision tasks. This review aggregates findings from clinical trials, systematic reviews, and neuroimaging studies to assess the effectiveness of various vision therapy protocols in treating these conditions. Most of the evidence supports office-based vision therapy, typically combined with home exercises, as the most beneficial method for enhancing clinical outcomes and alleviating symptoms associated with CI. However, the role of home-based therapies and their effectiveness in addressing other binocular and accommodative disorders remains uncertain. The review concludes with recommendations for clinical applications and future research directions.
non-strabismic binocular vision disorders
Copyright (c) 2025 Preethi Anie E, Heber Anandan, Dhanisha J L, Jenesha Blessie K (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Association of Restless Leg syndrome with Physical Activity and Musculoskeletal Pain among Medical Students
Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is a neurological sickness characterized by using an uncontrollable urge to move the legs, regularly followed by means of unpleasant sensations. These sensations typically occur when at rest or during periods of inactivity, such as sitting or lying down, and are temporarily relieved by movement. The symptoms usually worsen in the evening or at night, which can disrupt sleep and significantly impact quality of life. The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency and association of restless leg syndrome with physical activity and musculoskeletal pain. A cross-sectional analysis was conducted in Lahore using non-probability convenience sampling techniques and data was collected from 283 students. OMPQ, IPAQ, and RLSRS questionnaires were given to the student to confirm the symptoms and measure their physical activity. The participants who fulfilled the inclusion standards had been included inside the observe and the records changed into gathered from them. The results of the current study showed out of 283 participants 65 were male and 218 were females. Out of 110 participants with a moderate risk of RLS 79 were at low risk while 29 were at moderate risk. Among these 35 were underweight and 14 were overweight. And the participants with moderate risk of RLS 92 were inactive while 8 were minimally active. Conclusion of this study was RLS is strongly associated with physical activity while moderately associated with BMI and musculoskeletal pain among university students in Lahore.
Copyright (c) 2025 Dr.Amna Shahid, Dr.Faiza Zafar, Dr.Ayesha Javed, Dr.Faiqa Qayyum, Dr.Barera Fatima (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Prevalence of Fissured Peace, Justice and Sustainable Development in Nigeria and other Developing Countries
This article contributes to strategies in sustainable human health, environmental quality, socioeconomic development and quality of life in both developing and developed nations as significantly impacted in by processes and products of anthropogenic and natural forces both externally and internally with geopolitical intendments. Nigeria has become embellished within inextricably conflicting challenges, issues and opportunities of climate change, socioeconomic problems, environmental derangement, as well as insecurity of lives and properties. These require multidimensional and holistic newfangled approach for durable, salient solutions and policies for invariably effective and efficient healthy administration for sustainable governance devoid of inappropriate rustic and outlandish influences which irrevocably and adversely affect our traditional ethics. Nigeria and other developing countries must imbibe the attributes of resilience, tolerance, and compassion which are indispensable to accelerate forward sustainably for the future in order to exert robust health, agriculture, social, economic and development reforms. Insightfully spatiotemporal contributions into the future are needed to enact newfangled modalities to explore the complexities of interference, geopolitics, biosecurity, food security, health, environmental degradation, extreme hydrologic events and climate change in Nigeria and the developing world. Most scientific modalities on analysis and conceptualization research address how extant interest induce the resurgence of erstwhile challenges, issues and opportunities suggesting that diverse set of arguments intersect within these concepts. The author argues that invariably addressing these challenges, issues and opportunities may advance empirical research in the crises of sustainable development in Nigeria through holistic understanding and undergirding nascent theoretical and empirical approaches in health and healthcare delivery, environment, economy, climate change, sustainable agriculture, rural development, insecurity and society.
Copyright (c) 2025 Dr. Chrysanthus Chukwuma Sr (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
An Assessment of Factors Influencing Disputes between Nurses and Patients at Adult Hospital at University Teaching Hospital - Lusaka Province
The disputes between medical staff and patients have become one of the major social issues that seriously affect the provision of health care service delivery today. The specific problem that the study intended to address was the continued existence of disputes between nurses and patients at University Teaching Hospital (UTH)-Adult Hospital despite measures put in place. The main objective of the study was to assess factors influencing disputes between nurses and patients at Adult Hospital in UTH. The specific objectives of the study were to assess the current factors influencing dispute between nurses and patients, describe the impact of Humanistic quality on nurse-patient dispute, investigate the effect of patient’s recognition of nursing work on nurse-patient dispute and determine the role of personality traits in nurse-patient disputes. A cross-sectional descriptive design was used. The study targeted a population of 800 nurses and patients in UTH from which a sample of 266 was drawn using purposive and simple random techniques. The study used questionnaires and interviews to collected data and 200 were full answered representing 75% response rate. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics with the aid of a statistical package for social science (SPSS) software too. A chi-square test was used to test the association between variables and a p-value of 0.05 or less was considered statistically significant. The results indicate that most nurses differed with patients more than two times per hospital stay. The highest number of respondents experienced more than 2 times disputes with the patient. Similarly, most patients differed with nurses more than two times per hospital stay. Further, the results of Chi-square test revealed a statistically significant association between nurse-patient dispute and Humanistic quality, Patient’s recognition of nursing work, Personality traits (p<0.05). The study concluded that nurse-patient disputes were associated with humanistic quality, patients’ recognition of nurses’ work and personality traits. The study recommended that UTH-Adult hospital management should improve in communication by listening to nurses’ challenges and give response in time and Nurses should also explain well about the disputes to patients to make them understand.
Copyright (c) 2025 Bwalya Munjili, Christine Maphiri, Sandwe Katongo, Muyuya Isaac, Patricia Kababa Mfwaenda, Barbara Samboko (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Factors Contributing to an Increase of STIs among Youths at Kanyama Level One Hospital in Lusaka District, Zambia
Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) emerged as a predominant health concern among Zambian youths, particularly those aged between 18 and 35 years. Several factors contributed to the rising prevalence of STIs within this demographic. This study aimed to assess the factors influencing the increase of STIs among youths in Kanyama compound, Lusaka District, Zambia, with data collected specifically from Kanyama Level One Hospital. A quantitative research design was employed to enable systematic investigation and facilitate generalization of findings. Data were collected from 133 participants recruited through the hospital's youth-friendly corner. To ensure gender balance, respondents were categorized by sex. Fifty participants were selected using purposive sampling, while the remaining 83 were chosen through random sampling. Questionnaires and interviews served as the primary data collection instruments. The findings were intended to inform future strategies for STI prevention among young people in Zambia.
Copyright (c) 2025 Bwalya Munjili, Tendai Mdoma, Pontino Tembo, Sandwe Katongo, Muyuya Isaac, Barbara Samboko (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Factors Related to Incidence of Malnutrition among Surgical Patients Undergoing Major Surgeries at Kasama General Hospital
Introduction: Malnutrition is a widespread concern among adult surgical inpatients. It is one of the most important risk factors associated with illness and death, affecting hundreds of millions of patients’ groups such as pregnant women, surgical patients and young children. Objectives: The general objective was to explore the factors related to incidence of malnutrition among surgical patients with major surgeries at Kasama general hospital. Which specifically concentrated on socioeconomic factors, healthcare services related factors, and patient related factors. Methodology: The study employed a cross-sectional study design which used a quantitative approach of approach of research, 86 surgical patients successfully participated and data was collected using a questionnaire. The analysis of data was done using descriptive statistics and Chi-square test with the help of a computer program named Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 26. Results: Of the 86 respondents, 77.9% were female, 68.6% were single, and 58.1% were 45 years or older, with an even distribution from rural (52.3%) and urban (47.7%) areas. Nearly half (45.3%) were employed, and educational attainment was varied, with 37.2% holding tertiary and 36.0% secondary education. Malnutrition findings showed 65.1% of patients had low levels, while 34.9% exhibited high levels, which may affect surgical recovery. Socioeconomic factors, such as limited resources, facility distance, and lack of return funds, were common but not significantly associated with malnutrition. Healthcare-related issues (extra meals, pre-surgery starvation, eating difficulties) also showed no significant association. In contrast, patient factors including lack of balanced meals, appetite reduction due to the ward environment, insufficient routine nutrition assessments, and lack of dietary education were significantly linked to malnutrition, suggesting a need for enhanced patient-centered nutritional support. Conclusion: The study has concluded that socioeconomic factors, patient related factors and health services related factors have contributed to incidences of malnutrition among surgical patients.
Copyright (c) 2025 Justina Kasonde, Bwalya Munjili, Samutumwa Mebelo, Christine Jango, Barbara Samboko (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Research Methodology Follow-Up Using Android
The paper collects, records, and reports information regarding project performance. This paper utilizes the data from the monitoring activity to compare actual performance against planned performance. As a prerequisite to finishing their academic studies, students must submit a project on their topic of study at the start of the graduation session or final semester. To enhance the accuracy and academic acceptability of the project work, each student is assigned to a supervisor who will oversee the academic project. In particular institutions, the project coordinator or the head of the academic department or unit often assigns students to supervisors. The student is assigned a project topic after meeting with their supervisor. However, this process can sometimes be problematic. If the supervisor does not have expertise in the student's chosen topic, or the student is unable to cope with the assigned topic, it can lead to wasted time and a lack of research interest alignment between the student and supervisor. The effectiveness of the project coordinator in assigning students to the lecturer or supervisor is examined in this research. The goal of the study is to provide a solution to the issue of assigning project students to suitable project supervisors. In the hands of a skilled researcher, an Android device becomes a powerful instrument for scientific discovery, opening up new frontiers in fields ranging from psychology and sociology to medicine and environmental science.
Copyright (c) 2025 Heber Anandan, Arulanandham Antonysamy, Dhanisha JL, Vinitha Babuselvan, Jenita, Krishnaveni P (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Neural Network Model for Cancer Tumor Growth with Minimizing the Error in Learning
Neural Network Learning is a process of exhibiting the original phenomena of any object in the network to simulate the desired output. Likewise, briefly processing the attributes of tumor identification from an ultrasound-screened image is a way to process it. A systematic approach for detecting malignant tumors is problematic approach. Given this fact, the data set used to classify the breast cancer tumor is less noisy. An ultrasound-screened image is a basic scanned image of a cancer tumor, which usually has the primary staging properties. Classification of malignant tumors in an ultrasound image is not as easy as possible for radiologists to predict the disease symptoms. Thus, automatic prediction is a challenging task for such images. Since it’s a distribution of artificial intelligence, this ability applies to cancer prediction. Automatic classification of benign and malignant in ultrasound images is bounded within the neural network. The features in a tumor image are learned with machine learning algorithms like K-Means and back propagation. Increasing the learning rate is essential for feature learning. The Sigmoid activation function is used for optimization and minimizing the error for feature learning. The ultrasound-screened image is of low quality in nature, and learning about features is a task in predicting.
Copyright (c) 2025 Heber Anandan, Dhanisha JL, Vinitha Babuselvan, Joe Roseny. J, Tamilselvi Murugaraj (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Android Application for Community-Based Epidemiology Survey
"Android Application for Community-Based Epidemiology Survey" is developed using Android to facilitate data collection and analysis in epidemiological studies. Epidemiology involves the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events within specific populations, applying this knowledge to control health problems. It is a scientific approach to understanding disease patterns in human populations and the impact of various factors on public health. The study integrates multiple disciplines, including physicians, biologists, public health experts, health educators, data analysts, and social scientists, promoting a holistic understanding of health trends. The Android application enhances the efficiency of data gathering through mobile devices, ensuring faster reporting, geo-tagged data collection, real-time analysis, and improved accessibility even in remote areas. This approach supports disease surveillance, early outbreak detection, health resource planning, and community health assessments, contributing to better public health strategies and evidence-based decision making.
Copyright (c) 2025 Heber Anandan,Dhanisha JL, Arulanandham Antonysamy, Vinitha Babuselvan, Shanmuga Priya E, Krishnaveni P (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Reflections and Perspectives on the Determinants for Risk Reduction in Biodiversity, Environment and Health Vulnerabilities Due To Climate Change and Extreme Hydrological Events: An Ecological Framework"
A holistic approach is pertinent for risk reduction to biodiversity, the environment and human health resulting from extreme hydrological events and climate change, land use policy, infrastructure, and community resilience. With reliance on adaptive capacity through training and education, economic stability and inclusive governance, there can be proper resilience to incessant disasters. The reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, and prioritising health spheres and disaster risk management are vital. Extreme weather and climate-associated incidents suppress human health with resultant morbidity, mortality and socioeconomic attendant sequelae. This short communication immensely emphasises human health to explicate and elucidate management of the global scourge associated with the determinants and impact of vulnerabilities to extreme hydrologic events and climate change in the absence of risk reduction and their concomitant sequelae. The most effective approach for risk reduction associated with biodiversity, environmental, and health vulnerabilities due to climate change and extreme hydrological events, an ecological framework must take into cognizance exposure, vulnerability, and resilience. This framework emphasises the significance of understanding the inextricable linkage between ecosystems and human communities are exposed and susceptible to hazards, sensitivity to these hazards, and capacity to cope, adapt and recuperate. Risk reduction incorporates structurally attenuating exposure, strengthening resilience, and sustainably enhancing overall vulnerability management. Extreme weather and climate-associated incidents impinge on human health with consequential morbidity, mortality and socioeconomic challenges and constraints.