Greenfort International Journal of Applied Medical Science
Greenfort International Journal of Applied Medical Science (GIJAMS) Peer-Reviewed • Open Access • Bimonthly ISSN (Online): 2584-2420 | ISSN (Print): 3048-6904 DOI Prefix: 10.62046/gijams | Published by Greenfort International Publisher, India ABOUT THE JOURNAL The Greenfort International Journal of Applied Medical Science (GIJAMS) is an international, peer-reviewed, open-access journal dedicated to publishing high-quality research in biomedical and applied medical sciences. The journal provides a platform for clinicians, researchers, academicians, and healthcare professionals to disseminate original research, clinical studies, reviews, case reports, and short communications that contribute to evidence-based practice and improvements in public health. AIMS & SCOPE The journal focuses on original research and evidence-based clinical studies in biomedical and applied medical sciences, prioritizing rigorous methodology, ethical research practices, reproducibility, and translational relevance that advance medical knowledge, support evidence-based clinical practice, and improve patient and public health outcomes. Research topics include, but are not limited to: Clinical medicine and therapeutic studies Public health and epidemiology Translational and biomedical sciences Diagnostics and healthcare systems Allied health disciplines and rehabilitation sciences PUBLICATION TYPES GIJAMS publishes the following article types: ✔ Original Research Articles ✔ Review Articles ✔ Case Reports ✔ Short Communications ✔ Brief Reports ✔ Letters to the Editor PEER REVIEW & ETHICS All manuscripts undergo editorial screening followed by rigorous peer review. Editorial decisions are based solely on scientific merit, originality, ethical integrity, and relevance to the journal’s scope. GIJAMS adheres to internationally recognized publication ethics standards including COPE, ICMJE, and WAME guidelines. Authors must ensure that submissions are original and free from plagiarism and research misconduct. OPEN ACCESS POLICY GIJAMS is fully open access. All content is freely available immediately upon publication under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, allowing wide sharing and reuse for non-commercial purposes with appropriate credit. ARCHIVING & PRESERVATION Published content is preserved through trusted digital repositories and assigned permanent DOIs to ensure long-term accessibility. EDITORIAL BOARD Led by internationally experienced researchers and clinicians, the editorial board represents diverse medical and health sciences fields, ensuring robust peer review and academic leadership. CURRENT ISSUE & ARCHIVES Explore the latest published research and access previous issues with full-text PDFs. SUBMISSION & AUTHOR GUIDELINES Prospective authors can submit manuscripts through the online submission system. Detailed author instructions, policy statements, and manuscript preparation guidelines are available on the website.
The Greenfort International Journal of Applied Medical Science is published under the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) license. This license permits any non-commercial use, sharing, adaptation, distribution, and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as appropriate credit is given to the original author(s) and the source. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/deed.en
Awareness, Attitudes, and Practices Related to Cosmetovigilance Among Medical Interns and Postgraduates at a Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital
Background: Cosmetovigilance plays a crucial role in identifying, reporting, and preventing adverse events related to cosmetic products. However, awareness and practice of cosmetovigilance among healthcare professionals remain inadequately explored. Objectives: To assess and compare the knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) related to cosmetovigilance among interns and postgraduate students at a tertiary care teaching hospital. Methods: A prospective cross-sectional study was conducted from August to October 2025 at a tertiary care hospital. A total of 245 participants, comprising interns and postgraduate students aged 22 years and above, were enrolled after obtaining written informed consent. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire assessing knowledge, attitude, and practice related to cosmetovigilance. Associations between participant groups and KAP parameters were analyzed using the Chi-square test. Results: Interns demonstrated significantly higher knowledge regarding key aspects of cosmetovigilance, including awareness of cosmetic-related adverse effects, reporting mechanisms, headquarters of cosmetovigilance, and causality assessment methods (P < 0.05). Attitudes towards cosmetovigilance were largely comparable between the two groups, except for a significant difference regarding mandatory reporting of cosmetic-induced adverse events. Actual practice of cosmetovigilance was limited and similar among both groups; however, interns showed significantly greater interest in attending training and workshops related to cosmetovigilance (P < 0.05). Conclusion: The study highlights gaps in cosmetovigilance knowledge and practice among interns and postgraduate students, despite generally positive attitudes. Strengthening training programs and incorporating structured sensitization on cosmetovigilance may improve reporting practices and enhance patient safety.
Cosmetovigilance, Pharmacovigilance, KAP, cosmetic products, attitude
Copyright (c) 2026 Akash Sinha, Pradnya Deolekar, Kavitha Dongerkery, Atharva Dahibhate, Prateek DT, Shubham Sagar, Srirambabu V, Maulik Chandibhamar, Safaa Mohammed Shahid, Arjun Ananthanarayan, Veena Rane (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Assessing the economic value of oral antifungals: A comparison of branded and generic options in India
Introduction: India's pharmaceutical market is characterized by a significant presence of both generic and branded drugs, particularly for common ailments like fungal infections, which pose a substantial public health and economic burden. In tropical countries like India, superficial fungal infections are quite common, and frequent relapses after treatment have increased the need for long-term therapy, significantly increasing the cost of treatment, so the treatment of fungal infections can raise the economic burden on the patient. Given the high variability in drug pricing and the imperative for cost-effective healthcare, a pharmacoeconomic analysis comparing generic and branded oral antifungals in India is crucial to inform prescribing practices and optimize resource allocation. Methods: The cost of different brands of commonly used oral antifungals was sorted out by referring latest “Current Index of Medical Specialties” February- April 2025, and 1mg online pharmacy and the Janaushadhi website. The cost of 10 dosage forms (Tablets/capsules) in INR of each brand, Cost Ratio, and Percentage Cost Variation for individual drug brands was calculated. At last, the cost ratio and percentage cost variation of various brands were compared with generic drugs. Results: The data analysis showed a significant variation in the costs of different brands of oral antifungals in the Indian market. Percentage variation in cost for oral preparations of proton pump inhibitors marketed in India was found to be griseofulvin 500mg (886.2%), ketoconazole 200mg (3214.2%), fluconazole 200mg (1763%), itraconazole 200mg (38438%), terbinafine 250mg (3789.6%), posaconazole 100mg (8772.8%), voriconazole 200mg (8335.2%) and clotrimazole 100mg (856.9%). Conclusion: There is a wide variation in the prices of oral antifungals available in the market. Regulatory authorities, pharma companies, and physicians should maximize their efforts to reduce the cost of drugs. There is a need for strict actions for cost policy regulation and sensitization of doctors for the selection of appropriate drugs.
Oral antifungals; Pharmacoeconomics; Cost variation; Branded drugs; Generic drugs; Cost analysis.
Copyright (c) 2026 Prateek D.T., Naaysha Mehta, Shubham Sagar, Srirambabu V, Maulik Chandibhamar, Akash Sinha, Atharva Dahibhate, Pradnya Deolekar, Kavitha Dongerkery, Safaa Mohemmad Shahid (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Study of Ki-67 and E-Cadherin Expression in Cervical Cancer as Marker of Proliferation and Invasiveness
Introduction: Cervical carcinoma is one of the most frequent cancers in women all over the world, especially in the developing countries. Increased cell proliferation and decreased cell adhesion are implicated in tumor development. Ki-67 is a well-known cellular proliferation marker and E-cadherin is an important cell adhesion protein related to tumor invasion and metastasis. Aims: The aim of this study was to evaluate the expression of Ki-67 and E-cadherin in cervical cancer for assessment of tumor growth and invasion and to find out their correlation. Also their association with histopathological grade and stage, detection of cervical cancer patients and use of these biomarkers as a sign of proliferation and invasion are also discussed. Materials and methods: The present study was a descriptive cross-sectional observational study. The study was conducted in Department of Pathology, N.R.S. Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata, Sealdah, Raja Bazar, Kolkata, West Bengal 700014 for a period of 18 months. The study population consisted of 62 individuals. Result: High Ki-67 expression was significantly associated with poorly differentiated tumors and advanced FIGO stage (p = 0.001 and p = 0.002, respectively). E-cadherin expression significantly decreased with increasing tumor grade and stage (p = 0.003 and p = 0.001 respectively). A statistically significant inverse association was observed between Ki-67 and E-cadherin expression (p = 0.0001) suggesting that increased proliferation is associated with decreased cell adhesion and increased invasiveness.Conclusion: Ki-67 and E-cadherin are important markers for assessing tumor behavior in cervical cancer. Their combined evaluation could provide valuable prognostic information and assist the identification of aggressive tumors.
Cervical carcinoma, Ki-67, E-cadherin, proliferation, invasion, immunohistochemistry, prognostic markers.
Copyright (c) 2026 Purnendu Ranjit, Soumitra Halder, Dona Saha (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Bilateral Accessory long and Short Heads of Biceps Brachii-A Case Report
Introduction: The biceps brachii muscle is a prominent fusiform muscle located in the anteriorcompartment of the arm. Anatomic variations in bicep brachii particularly the presence ofsupernumerary heads are the most frequently observed variation. Method: The upper limbs of an embalmed old male cadaver were dissected for undergraduatemedical teaching in the Department of Anatomy, Punjab Institute of Medical Sciences, Jalandhar. Result: During dissection, bilateral Accessory long and short heads of bicep brachii were observed. These heads had nerve supply and blood supply from branches of musculocutaneousnerve and brachial artery respectively. Conclusion: The presence of accessory heads may confer a mechanical advantage byincreasing the strength of elbow flexion and forearm supination on one side but on other sidesuch variations may contribute to shoulder pain either independently or in association with other pathologies.
Bicep brachii, Accessory heads, Supernumerary heads, Supraglenoid tubercle, Coracoid Process
Copyright (c) 2026 Mamta Sharma , Urvi Prashar, Harpreet Singh Gulati, Kamaljeet Kaur, Jasveen Kaur, Ambica Wadhwa, Sherry Sharma, Anureet Mitra (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
A Study On Variations In The Branching Pattern Of Axillary Artery in North Indian population
Introduction - Axillary artery, a continuation of subclavian artery, is the main (axis) artery to the upper limb. Normally it gives rise to six named branches before continuing as brachial artery. Variability in the origin of certain branches of the axillary artery is frequently apparent but not uniformly studied. The objective of this study is to present the abnormalities in the branching pattern of axillary artery with a view to clarification and quantification of both the “regularity” and “variability” in these vessels.Aim - The aim of this study is to present the variations in the branching pattern of axillary artery with a view to clarify and quantify both the “regularity” and “variability” in these vessels.Material and Methods – The current study was conducted on 40 formalin embalmed cadavers bilaterally, during routine dissection done at Punjab Institute of Medical Sciences, Jalandhar. The axillary artery and all of its branches were observed from their point of origin and traced to their termination, for any morphological variation.Results – Out of a total of 80 limbs studied, 21 showed variant branching pattern of Axillary artery. Six types of variations were noted in its branching pattern, with one type of variation being present bilaterally in two cadavers. One of the variations is a rare and unique entity. The percentage of variations were also calculated to fulfil the objective of this study holistically.Conclusion - Such anomalous branching pattern may represent persisting branches of the capillary plexus of the developing limb buds. These variations have pragmatic importance for surgeons for accurate diagnosis and surgical procedures and also for vascular radiologists for construing angiographic images.
axillary, cadaveric, branching, morphological, variation, anomalous
Copyright (c) 2026 HARPREET SINGH GULATI, JASVEEN KAUR, MAMTA SHARMA, KAMALJEET KAUR, AMBICA WADHWA, URVI PRASHAR (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Pre Op PTA & HRCT as prediction of ossicular chain status among CSOM patients: An Observational Study
Background: Chronic Otitis Media (COM) is a prevalent condition associated with varying degrees of hearing loss, often due to ossicular chain damage. Pure Tone Audiometry (PTA) is routinely used to assess hearing impairment; however, its correlation with intraoperative ossicular status remains crucial for preoperative planning. Aim: To evaluate the correlation between Pure Tone Audiometry findings and ossicular chain status in patients with Chronic Otitis Media. Materials and Methods: A prospective observational study was conducted on 183 patients diagnosed with COM. Preoperative PTA was performed to assess hearing thresholds and type of hearing loss. Intraoperative findings regarding ossicular integrity were recorded during tympanoplasty or mastoid surgery. Statistical correlation was analyzed between PTA findings and ossicular status. Results: Among 183 patients, 62.3% had intact ossicular chain, while 37.7% showed ossicular discontinuity. Overall ossicles status was normal among 59(52.7%) mild CHLM 36(32.1%) moderate CHL patients and 8(7.1%) among Moderately Severe CHL. Eroded among 9(8.0%) Moderate CHL patients. There was a statistically highly significant difference found in ossicle status in CT according to severity of PTA among mucosal ear patients. (P=0.001) Ossicular erosion was significantly higher in unsafe COM compared to safe COM, indicating the aggressive nature of cholesteatoma-related disease. There was a statistically significant difference found in ossicles status between squamosal and mucosal patients. (P<0.05). Increasing air-bone gap (ABG) was significantly associated with ossicular erosion (p < 0.001). Patients with ABG >40 dB predominantly had multiple ossicular involvement. Conclusion: PTA findings, particularly air-bone gap, serve as a reliable predictor of ossicular status in COM. This correlation aids in surgical planning and patient counseling.
Chronic Otitis Media, Pure Tone Audiometry, Ossicular Chain, Hearing Loss, Air-Bone Gap
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Gaurav Tripathi, Dr. Sadat Qureshi, Dr. Shalini Jadia, Dr. Sandeep Sharma (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Effect of severity of Allergic Rhintis on tympanic membrane status : A Correlational Study
Background: Allergic rhinitis (AR) is a common inflammatory condition affecting the nasal mucosa and often associated with Eustachian tube dysfunction, which may influence middle ear status and tympanic membrane (TM) findings.Objective: To evaluate the correlation between tympanic membrane findings and the severity of allergic rhinitis among 246 patients.Methods: This cross-sectional observational study was conducted in a tertiary care center. A total of 246 patients diagnosed with allergic rhinitis were included. Severity of AR was classified based on ARIA guidelines into mild and moderate–severe categories. Otoscopic examination was performed to assess TM findings. Statistical analysis was done to determine correlation.Results: Among 246 patients, abnormal TM findings were significantly higher in moderate–severe AR patients (p < 0.05). Retraction and dull TM were the most common findings. A strong association was observed between severity of AR and middle ear changes.Conclusion: Increased severity of allergic rhinitis is significantly associated with abnormal tympanic membrane findings, suggesting the role of Eustachian tube dysfunction in AR.
Allergic rhinitis, Tympanic membrane, Eustachian tube dysfunction, Otoscopy, ARIA classification
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Vinisha Wilson, Dr. Sadat Qureshi, Dr. Shalini Jadia, Dr. Sandeep Sharma (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Nasal Endoscopy and Computed Tomography Findings in Patients of Chronic Rhinosinusitis - A Correlation Study
Background: Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a common inflammatory condition affecting the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses, significantly impairing quality of life. Accurate diagnosis is essential for effective management and prevention of complications. Diagnostic nasal endoscopy (DNE) and computed tomography (CT) are essential tools in its evaluation. Correlating findings from these two modalities is crucial for comprehensive evaluation and appropriate treatment planning in patients with CRS.Aim: To correlate computed tomographic findings with endoscopic findings in patients of chronic rhinosinusitis.Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted on 170 patients diagnosed with CRS. The patients above 15 years fulfilling inclusion criteria were included. Each patient underwent detailed clinical evaluation, diagnostic nasal endoscopy, and CT scan of paranasal sinuses. Data were analyzed using SPSS software, and correlation was assessed using Spearman’s correlation coefficient.Results: Significant correlation was observed between endoscopic and CT findings in mucosal edema, polyps, and middle meatal obstruction (p < 0.05). A statistically significant correlation was found between endoscopic and CT findings for septum (rs=1.000, p=0.01), turbinate hypertrophy, ethmoid bulla, and osteomeatal complex on both sides. A strong correlation was also observed for left osteomeatal complex (rs=0.995, p=0.001). CT scan showed superior detection of anatomical variations and sinus involvement, while endoscopy better identified mucosal changes and secretions.Conclusion: There is a strong and statistically significant correlation between diagnostic nasal endoscopy and CT findings in CRS. Both modalities are complementary, and their combined use provides accurate diagnosis and better management planning.
Chronic rhinosinusitis, Diagnostic nasal endoscopy, Computed tomography, Osteomeatal complex, Correlation
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Pooja Handique, Dr. Shalini Jadia, Dr. Sadat Qureshi, Dr. Sandeep Sharma (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Knowledge, Attitude and Practices regarding Hepatitis B infection among young adults of a university in an Urban city in South India
Background: Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) remains a significant global public health concern, with varying morbidity and mortality in India and other low and middle income countries (LMICs). Even with an effective vaccine for Hepatitis B virus infections, knowledge and practice gaps are common, particularly among young adults, who represent a critical part of the population for prevention strategies. Very limited number of studies from India have examined the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) of students regarding HBV in colleges and universities other than medical colleges.Objectives: To assess KAP regarding HBV among young adults enrolled in a university in urban South India, identify lacunae across KAP domains, and examine statistical correlations among these.Methodology: This descriptive cross-sectional study involved 148 university students aged 18–26 years, surveyed using a self-designed, expert-validated questionnaire. Data analysis was conducted with SPSS v18. Knowledge scores were classified as good (≥70%), average (50–69%), or poor (<50%) based on the percentage of correct answers. For relationship between KAP domain scores Pearson’s correlation coefficient was used with p < 0.05 as significant.Results: Knowledge of HBV among the participants was generally poor to average. Only 24.3% identified all routes of transmission, 18.9% knew that HBV could be asymptomatic, and 27.7% knew the correct vaccination schedule. Only 53 participants (35.8%) reported being vaccinated against HBV, and 37.8% were unsure of their vaccination status. Attitudes were predominantly positive (>80% across all indicators). Correlation analysis showed strong association between knowledge and practice (r = 0.654, p < 0.0001), a moderate correlation between knowledge and attitude (r = 0.422, p < 0.0001), and a weak but significant correlation between attitude and practice (r = 0.273, p = 0.0008).Conclusion: Despite good responses for attitudes, there are gaps in knowledge and vaccination practices for HBV infection among young adults. The strong knowledge–practice correlation underscores the importance of health education among the groups. The implementation of university-led awareness and immunization initiatives is essential to advance India’s objectives for viral hepatitis elimination by 2030.
Hepatitis B; KAP survey; University students; Vaccination coverage; Preventive health; South India
Copyright (c) 2026 Rhea George, Priyadharsni Panneerselvam, Alpana Gupta, George Koshy (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Artificial Intelligence in Diagnostic Pathology: A Comprehensive Review of Current Applications and Future Prospects
Artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming diagnostic pathology by improving the accuracy, efficiency, and repeatability of histopathological examinations. AI systems can analyze high-resolution whole slide images (WSIs) using machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) algorithms to diagnose malignancies, classify tissue types, grade cancers, and quantify biomarkers with accuracy comparable to expert pathologists. These technologies are very useful in cancer diagnosis, such as breast, prostate, and lung malignancies, where they help identify tumor characteristics, mitotic activity, and lymph node metastases. Furthermore, AI is being utilized to predict prognosis, evaluate therapy response, and detect infectious pathogens in tissue samples.AI integration into digital pathology operations has numerous benefits, including faster diagnostic turnaround times, increased consistency, and support for remote consultation and telepathology. However, issues persist in terms of data quality, model generalization across populations and institutions, and the need for rigorous clinical validation. Regulatory permissions and ethical considerations such as data protection, algorithm transparency, and medico-legal accountability are also required for safe deployment. This review presents a comprehensive examination of existing AI applications in pathology, investigates the technology that enables this transition, and analyzes future possibilities. Understanding AI's function is critical for creating dependable, egalitarian, and successful diagnostic tools in contemporary pathology practice.
Artificial Intelligence, Diagnostic Pathology, Deep Learning, Whole Slide Imaging, Cancer Diagnosis
Copyright (c) 2026 Belukurichi Sadasivam Sangeetha, Suriakumar. J, T. Murugalakshmi, Devi.J, R. Akila (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Tumor Grade and Molecular Prognostic Markers in Endometrial Carcinoma: A Systemic Review & Meta Analysis
Background: Endometrial carcinoma (EC) is a biologically heterogeneous malignancy in which traditional histopathological grading alone does not reliably predict clinical outcomes. Recent advances in molecular classification have introduced novel prognostic markers that may refine risk stratification.Objective: To evaluate the correlation between tumor grade, key molecular markers, and survival outcomes in patients with endometrial carcinoma through a systematic review and meta-analysis.Methods: A comprehensive literature search was performed across PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and Web of Science up to January 2026. Studies assessing tumor grade in conjunction with molecular markers-primarily POLE mutations, mismatch repair deficiency (MMRd), and p53 abnormalities-and reporting survival outcomes were included. Hazard ratios (HRs) for overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) were pooled using a random-effects model.Results: Thirty-eight studies comprising 12,450 patients were included. High tumor grade (Grade 3) was significantly associated with poorer overall survival (HR 2.14, 95% CI 1.78–2.56) and progression-free survival (HR 1.96, 95% CI 1.61–2.38). Molecular classification revealed distinct prognostic groups: POLE-mutated tumors demonstrated excellent prognosis (HR 0.45), MMR-deficient tumors showed intermediate outcomes (HR 0.89), while p53-abnormal tumors were associated with the worst survival (HR 2.76). Integrated analysis combining tumor grade with molecular markers significantly improved prognostic accuracy compared to grading alone.Conclusion: Molecular markers provide superior prognostic stratification over conventional tumor grading in endometrial carcinoma. The integration of histopathological and molecular classification should be adopted in routine clinical practice to enable more precise, individualized patient management.
Endometrial carcinoma, tumor grade, molecular markers, prognosis, systematic review, meta-analysis
Copyright (c) 2026 Tasneem Muhammed Sherief, Shipra Singh, Hemanth Kumar VM (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Categorization of Thyroid FNAC Using the Bethesda System and Its Histopathological Correlation
BackgroundThyroid nodules are common endocrine lesions, with the primary clinical challenge being the identification of malignancy among predominantly benign cases. Fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC), reported using the Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology (TBSRTC), provides standardized risk stratification; however, its diagnostic performance requires validation through histopathological correlation.MethodsThis observational study was conducted over two years at a tertiary care center. A total of 122 patients with thyroid swelling underwent FNAC, of which 83 had subsequent histopathological follow-up. Cytological findings were categorized according to TBSRTC. Cytohistopathological correlation was performed, and the risk of malignancy (ROM) was calculated for each category. The diagnostic performance parameters, including sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), and accuracy, were determined using histopathology as the reference standard.ResultsThe majority of cases were categorized as Bethesda Category II (81.15 %). Histopathological examination revealed that 83.13% of the lesions were non-neoplastic and 16.87% were neoplastic, with papillary carcinoma being the most common malignancy. The concordance rates were 89.86% and 78.57% for non-neoplastic and neoplastic lesions, respectively. The ROM increased progressively from Category I (0%) to Category VI (100%). FNAC demonstrated a sensitivity of 78.57%, specificity of 89.85%, PPV of 61.11%, NPV of 95.38%, and an overall diagnostic accuracy of 87.95%.ConclusionFNAC, when interpreted using the Bethesda system, is a reliable and effective initial diagnostic modality for thyroid nodules. Cytohistopathological correlation enhances diagnostic accuracy and highlights the limitations of indeterminate categories. Standardized reporting using the TBSRTC facilitates appropriate clinical management and reduces unnecessary surgical interventions.
Bethesda system; Cytohistopathological correlation; Diagnostic accuracy; Fine-needle aspiration cytology; Risk of malignancy; Thyroid nodules
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Suman Gupta, Dr. Anil Kumar Verma, Dr. Firoz Sheikh, Dr. Chandni Krishnani (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
OCULAR MANIFESTATIONS OF AUTOSOMAL DOMINANT POLYCYSTIC KIDNEY DISEASES
INTRODUCTION: At about 6 weeks of gestation both eyes and kidney start to develop and hence they have a strong connection. As a result, a patient who suffers from any kidney disease end up with different ocular disease manifestation. Many congenital anomalies of kidneys can also present as an ocular syndrome. Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is an inherited kidney disease, which also manifests numerous eye problems. The study helps to identify the ocular associations with ADPKD with creates an awareness towards frequent eye checkup.AIMs and OBJECTIVES: To report the ocular manifestation of Inherited Renal Disease and to identify and characterize the ocular manifestation among patients diagnosed with inherited renal disease. This is a hospital based Cross sectional study, 61 patients were includedRESULTS: Most common ocular complaint was blurring of vision in 52 (85.24%) patients. After refractive error (55.73%), next most common ocular manifestations are, Arcus senilis (36.10%) and hypertensive retinopathy (34.2%). 39 (63.93 %) had no history of previous eye check-up. Most affected age group was patients aged > 35 – 40 years.CONCLUSION: Ocular manifestations can occur before systemic effects of disease starts to appear, thus identifying characteristic ocular manifestation can give a clinical clue allowing definitive diagnosis without expensive and invasive procedures in early course of disease allowing timely intervention.
ADPKD, eye, Arcus senilis, retinopathy, kidney, ocular disease
Copyright (c) 2026 Sankha Subhra Chaudhuri, Mousumi Bandypadhyay, Kali Sankar Das, Soumyadeep Majumdar, Madhurima Kumar, Purban Ganguly (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Speciation and Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern of staphylococcus species other than staphylococcus aureus Isolated from various Clinical Samples at a Tertiary Care Hospital in Rajasthan
Background: Staphylococci species other than Staphylococcus (CoNS) are increasingly recognized as significant pathogens in clinical settings, particularly among hospitalized and immunocompromised patients. Rising antimicrobial resistance has become a major concern.Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study included 37 clinically significant CoNS isolates obtained from various clinical samples. Identification of isolates was done using standard microbiological methods. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by the “Vitek* 2compact automated system” (biomerieux)Results: Among the isolates, Staphylococcus haemolyticus 16(43.2%) was the most common species, followed by Staphylococcus epidermidis 11(29.7%) and Staphylococcus hominis 7(18.9%). A high level of resistance was observed to penicillin, oxacillin, indicating a high prevalence of methicillin-resistant CoNS (MRCoNS). Resistance to ciprofloxacin and erythromycin was also notable. Moderate resistance was seen for gentamicin, clindamycin, and cotrimoxazole. All isolates showed high susceptibility to vancomycin, Daptomycin, teicoplanin, and linezolid. Inducible clindamycin resistance was detected in a subset of isolates.Conclusion: CoNS are emerging as important multidrug-resistant pathogens. High resistance to commonly used antibiotics limits treatment options; however, glycopeptides (Teicoplanin, Vancomycin and linezolid remain effective. Routine speciation, antimicrobial surveillance and strict infection control practices are essential for better management and prevention of resistance.
CoNS, MRCoNS, Staphylococcus haemolyticus, gentamicin, clindamycin, and cotrimoxazole
Copyright (c) 2026 Harish Kumar, Siva Prasad Reddy B, Pragati Awasthi, Madhu Mali, Khushal Singh Beniwal (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Frequency of multi drug resistant (MDR) Proteus species in clinical sample at tertiary care hospital.
Background: Multidrug-resistant (MDR) Proteus species are becoming significant hospital-related pathogens linked to infections in wounds, the urinary tract, and the bloodstream. The rise of antimicrobialresistance restricts treatment choices and presents a significant clinical hurdle.Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed involving 37 unique MDR Proteus isolates collected from different clinical specimens. Species identification and antimicrobial resistance testingwere conducted using conventional microbiological techniques.Results: Out of 59 Proteus isolates 45 (76.6%) were Proteus mirabilis followed by 14 (23.7%) Proteus vulgaris. Out of 37 MDR of Proteus species isolates, Proteus mirabilis comprised 32 (86.5%) and Proteus vulgaris represented 5 (13.5%). Most cases were observed in patients older than 60 years (45.9%),with a higher prevalence in males (64.9%). Pus samples made up 56.8% of the isolates. Significant resistance was noted to cefepime (94.6%), ceftazidime (78.4%), and cefoperazone–sulbactam (70.3%). The resistance rate to piperacillin-tazobactam stood at 59.5%.Conclusion: P. mirabilis, are found leading factor to wound and systemic infections, exhibiting substantial resistance among the proteus species againstcephalosporins. Ongoing monitoring and proper use of antimicrobials are crucial for managing their dissemination.
Multidrug resistance, Proteus mirabilis, Proteus vulgaris, antimicrobial resistance, tertiary care hospital
Copyright (c) 2026 Rakesh Kumar Maheshwari, Nirbhay Nirmal, Prachi Saban, Pragati Awasthi, Madhu Mali, Khushal Singh Beniwal (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Emerging Carbapenem Resistance in Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumonia isolates from a Tertiary Care Hospital in Rajasthan.
Introduction:Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales, especially Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae, are becoming a serious health problem. These bacteria cause many hospital infections and are difficult to treat because they are resistant to strong antibiotics. This leads to increased illness and death.Materials and Methods:This was a hospital-based cross-sectional study done over one year at a tertiary care center in Rajasthan. A total of 366 clinical samples were studied. The bacteria were identified and their antibiotic sensitivity was tested using standard laboratory methods.Results and Discussion:Out of 366 isolates, 202 (55.2%) were E. coli and 164 (44.8%) were Klebsiella pneumoniae. Most isolates were obtained from urine, pus, respiratory samples, and blood. Carbapenem resistance was seen in both organisms, but it was higher in Klebsiella pneumoniae. Resistance to important antibiotics like imipenem, meropenem, and ertapenem shows the growing problem of drug resistance. Elderly patients were more commonly affected, suggesting age as an important risk factor. Also, more cases were seen in males (66.6%). These findings show that multidrug resistance is increasing and is a major concern in hospitals.Conclusion: This study shows a high level of carbapenem resistance among Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Regular monitoring, proper infection control, and careful use of antibiotics are very important to control the spread of these resistant bacteria and to protect effective treatments.
Copyright (c) 2026 Siva Prasad Reddy B, Priti, Prachi Saban, Pragati Awasthi, Madhu Mali (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
ASSOCIATION BETWEEN QTc INTERVAL AND SEVERITY OF CIRRHOSIS IN PATIENTS DIAGNOSED WITH LIVER CIRRHOSIS: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY
Background: Liver cirrhosis is a systemic disease with significant cardiovascular involvement, particularly in the form of cirrhotic cardiomyopathy. Prolongation of the corrected QT (QTc) interval is one of the most consistent electrophysiological abnormalities observed in cirrhotic patients and has been linked to adverse outcomes, including arrhythmias and increased mortality.Aim: To evaluate the association between QTc interval and severity of cirrhosis in patients diagnosed with liver cirrhosis.Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in a tertiary care center and included 100 patients with clinically diagnosed liver cirrhosis. QTc interval was measured using a standard 12-lead electrocardiogram and calculated using Bazett’s formula. Severity of cirrhosis was assessed using the Child–Turcotte–Pugh (CTP) and Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) scores. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 27, with p < 0.05 considered significant.Results: The majority of patients were male (76%) and belonged to the 41–60-year age group. Alcohol was the predominant etiological factor (62%). QTc prolongation was commonly observed and showed a significant positive correlation with severity of cirrhosis. Patients with higher Child–Pugh classes and elevated MELD scores demonstrated progressively increased QTc intervals (p < 0.05). QTc prolongation was more pronounced in advanced disease stages, indicating worsening electrophysiological dysfunction with progression of liver disease.Conclusion: QTc interval prolongation is significantly associated with the severity of liver cirrhosis and may serve as a simple, non-invasive, and cost-effective prognostic marker. Routine assessment of QTc interval in cirrhotic patients can aid in early identification of high-risk individuals and facilitate timely intervention to reduce cardiovascular complications and mortality.
Liver cirrhosis, QTc interval, Child–Pugh score, MELD score, cirrhotic cardiomyopathy, electrocardiography
Copyright (c) 2026 Manpreet Kaur, Avtar Singh Dhanu, Surinder Kumar Salwan, Humraaz Singh Randhawa (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
ADMISSION BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVEL AS A PREDICTOR OF IN-HOSPITAL MAJOR ADVERSE CARDIOVASCULAR EVENTS IN NON-DIABETIC PATIENTS WITH ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME
Background: Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Despite advances in reperfusion strategies and pharmacotherapy, a significant number of patients develop in-hospital major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE). Admission hyperglycemia has emerged as a potential prognostic marker even in patients without known diabetes mellitus. The present study evaluated the role of admission blood glucose in predicting in-hospital MACE among non-diabetic ACS patients.Methods: This prospective observational study was conducted in the Department of Medicine, Sri Guru Ram Das Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Amritsar, India. Eighty-two non-diabetic adults admitted with ACS were enrolled. Patients with known diabetes or HbA1c ≥5.7% were excluded. Admission random blood sugar (RBS) was measured, and patients were categorized into normoglycemic (<140 mg/dL) and hyperglycemic (≥140 mg/dL) groups. Patients were followed during hospitalization for development of MACE, including cardiogenic shock, arrhythmias, heart failure, reinfarction, and cardiac arrest. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS.Results: The mean age group most affected was 51–70 years (54.88%), and males constituted 73.2% of cases. Hyperglycemia was present in 50% of patients. Significant associations were observed between admission hyperglycemia and cardiogenic shock (85.7% vs. 14.3%, p=0.001), arrhythmias (76.5% vs. 23.5%, p=0.014), cardiac arrest (88.8% vs. 11.1%, p=0.029), and pulmonary edema (85.2% vs. 14.8%, p=0.001). No significant association was seen with heart failure, myocardial reinfarction or duration of hospital stay.Conclusion: Admission hyperglycemia is a strong predictor of adverse in-hospital cardiovascular outcomes in non-diabetic ACS patients. Routine glucose assessment at admission may aid in early risk stratification and identification of high-risk patients requiring closer monitoring and aggressive management.
Acute coronary syndrome, hyperglycemia, non-diabetic, MACE, cardiogenic shock, arrhythmia, prognosis, STEMI, NSTEMI, blood glucose.
Copyright (c) 2026 Raunak Singh Kapoor, Jasmine Kaur, Avtar Singh Dhanju (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Low-Intensity Extracorporeal Shockwave Therapy for Erectile Dysfunction: A Systematic Review of Efficacy, Patient Selection, and Optimal Treatment Parameters
Background: Erectile dysfunction (ED) is a prevalent condition affecting men across all age groups, with a significant impact on quality of life, self-esteem, and interpersonal relationships. Low-intensity extracorporeal shockwave therapy (Li-ESWT) has emerged as a promising non-invasive treatment modality demonstrating improvements in erectile function with a favourable safety profile. However, the evidence base remains heterogeneous, and consensus regarding patient selection, optimal treatment protocols, and long-term sustainability of effects is lacking.Objective: To provide a critical, clinician-oriented synthesis of the current evidence on the effectiveness, safety, optimal patient profile, and treatment parameters of Li-ESWT in the management of ED.Methods: A systematic literature search of PubMed, MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, and grey literature databases was conducted for articles published from 2016 to 2023. Following PRISMA 2020-guided screening of 1,302 titles, 164 abstracts, and 94 full-text articles, 20 studies were included. Quality assessment was performed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale, STROBE Checklist, and Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool (RoB 2). A narrative synthesis approach was employed in keeping with UK Economic and Social Research Council guidance.Results: All included studies reported post-treatment improvements in erectile function as measured by the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF). Li-ESWT demonstrated statistically significant benefits for organic vasculogenic and diabetic ED, with minimal clinically important difference (MCID) rates ranging from 22% to 86.4%. Li-ESWT was comparable in efficacy to phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE5) inhibitors with a superior safety profile. Evidence did not support its use for post-radical prostatectomy ED. Twelve treatment sessions at 0.09 mJ/mm², delivered twice weekly in a 3+3+3-week schedule, constituted the most commonly reported effective protocol. Treatment benefits were sustained in up to 82.69% of respondents at 12 months, with gradual decline thereafter.Conclusion: Li-ESWT is a safe, well-tolerated, and effective treatment for organic erectile dysfunction, particularly in younger men with vasculogenic or diabetic aetiology and moderate severity. It is comparable to PDE5 inhibitors and may be a viable alternative or complementary option in clinical practice. Future high-quality, multi-centre randomised controlled trials with standardised protocols and longer follow-up periods are warranted.
erectile dysfunction; low-intensity extracorporeal shockwave therapy; Li-ESWT; phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors; vasculogenic erectile dysfunction; IIEF; penile rehabilitation
Copyright (c) 2026 Krischelle de Guzman Halili, Smita Satpathy (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
HIV Infection, Combined Antiretroviral Therapy, and Female Infertility in Sub-Saharan Africa: Implications for Assisted Reproductive Technology Access
Background: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection disproportionately affects women in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) and is associated with reduced fertility through complex biological, endocrine and behavioural mechanisms. Despite the widespread rollout of combined antiretroviral therapy (cART), HIV-positive women continue to experience significantly higher rates of infertility compared to HIV-negative counterparts. Assisted reproductive technology (ART) represents the definitive treatment for tubal-factor infertility, the most prevalent cause of infertility in this population; however, access remains critically limited across the SSA region.Objective: To systematically review the published literature examining the relationship between HIV infection, cART use, and infertility in SSA women of reproductive age, and to assess the availability, accessibility, and outcomes of assisted reproductive technology in the region.Methods: A comprehensive search of published and grey literature from 2012 to 2022 was conducted across six databases including MEDLINE, PubMed Central, Cochrane Library, Google Scholar, Meta-Register of Controlled Trials, and the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations. After screening 2,569 records, 47 studies meeting pre-specified inclusion criteria were included for thematic analysis.Results: Six major themes emerged: (1) a persistently high burden of HIV infection among SSA women; (2) substantial cART coverage with incomplete fertility restoration; (3) regionally high rates of infertility with significant psychosocial consequences; (4) tuboperitoneal pathology as the predominant mechanism of HIV-associated infertility; (5) critical under-availability and unaffordability of ART services; and (6) major deficits in regional data reporting, which impede evidence-based policy formulation.Conclusion: HIV-positive women in SSA face a dual burden of infection and infertility compounded by limited access to reproductive care. Despite effective cART programmes, fertility does not fully normalise. Urgent policy action is needed to integrate fertility care into HIV management, establish public-sector ART services, and strengthen regional data surveillance systems.
HIV; combined antiretroviral therapy (cART); female infertility; Sub-Saharan Africa; assisted reproductive technology; in vitro fertilisation
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr Smita Satpathy, Keadimilwe Buzwani (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
EFFECT OF ULTRASOUND-GUIDED ERECTOR SPINAE PLANE BLOCK ON POSTOPERATIVE PAIN IN PATIENTS UNDERGOING OPEN NEPHRECTOMY AND PYELOPLASTY: A SINGLE-CENTER OBSERVATIONAL STUDY
Background: Effective postoperative pain control is important after open nephrectomy and pyeloplasty. Poor pain management can lead to complications and delayed recovery. The erector spinae plane (ESP) block is a newer regional anesthesia technique that may reduce pain and opioid use. Objective: To evaluate the analgesic efficacy of ultrasound-guided erector spinae plane block in patients undergoing open nephrectomy and pyeloplasty. Methods: This prospective observational study included 50 patients aged 18 years and above. All patients received an ultrasound-guided ESP block using 30 ml of 0.2% ropivacaine at the T10 level after surgery. Pain was assessed using the Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) at 0, 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, and 24 hours. Opioid consumption, time to first rescue analgesia, patient satisfaction, and hemodynamic parameters were recorded. Results: Most patients had no pain in the early postoperative period. At 24 hours, 80% of patients had no or mild pain. A total of 70% of patients did not require any opioid analgesic within 24 hours. Rescue analgesia was not required in 70% of patients, and when required, it was mostly after 12 hours. Patient satisfaction was good in 70% of patients. Hemodynamic parameters remained stable throughout the study period. Conclusion: Ultrasound-guided erector spinae plane block provides effective postoperative analgesia in patients undergoing open nephrectomy and pyeloplasty. It reduces pain scores, decreases opioid requirement, prolongs time to rescue analgesia, and maintains stable hemodynamics.
Erector spinae plane block, postoperative pain, nephrectomy, pyeloplasty, regional anesthesia, ropivacaine
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr Mubasher Ahmed, Dr Mahreen Farooq , Dr Nusrat Jehan , Dr Iram Rasool (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Safety and efficacy of ultrasound guided pectoral nerve block in patient undergoing breast conservation surgery: A prospective randomized single blinded Study
Background: Effective postoperative analgesia following breast conservation surgery (BCS) is essential for early recovery and patient satisfaction. Ultrasound-guided pectoral nerve (PECS) block has emerged as a regional anesthesia technique providing targeted analgesia with minimal systemic side effects.Aim: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of ultrasound-guided PECS block in patients undergoing breast conservation surgery.Materials and Methods: A prospective randomized single-blinded study was conducted on 60 female patients (ASA I–II) undergoing BCS. Patients were randomized into two groups: Group P (PECS block with general anesthesia) and Group C (general anesthesia alone). Postoperative pain scores (VAS), analgesic consumption, time to first rescue analgesia, and complications were recorded and analyzed.Results: Group P demonstrated significantly lower VAS scores at all postoperative intervals (p < 0.001), prolonged time to first rescue analgesia, and reduced total analgesic consumption. No major complications were observed.Conclusion: Ultrasound-guided PECS block is a safe and effective modality for postoperative analgesia in breast conservation surgery.
PECS block, Breast conservation surgery, Ultrasound-guided block, Postoperative analgesia, Regional anesthesia
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr Gyanaranjan Mishra, Dr Raj Tobin, Dr Punit Mehta, Dr Anchal Mohanty (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Amalgam Management among Clinical Dental Students of BAU Dental Clinic: A Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Survey
This research paper provides a systematic review and detailed methodological framework for a study investigating the Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice (KAP) regarding dental amalgam management among clinical-year students at the Bilad Al Rafidain University (BAU) Dental Clinic. Dental amalgam, a mercury-based restorative material, remains prevalent due to its durability and cost-effectiveness. However, its approximate 50% elemental mercury content raises significant occupational health and environmental concerns, particularly during handling, placement, removal, and disposal. While placed restorations are considered safe for patients, improper management poses risks of chronic mercury exposure for dental personnel and contributes to environmental mercury pollution via wastewater. This paper synthesises contemporary literature on amalgam’s safety profile, environmental impact, and established Best Management Practices (BMPs) as per the American Dental Association (ADA) and World Health Organization (WHO). It elaborates on the proposed cross-sectional KAP study’s methodology, including sample selection from BAU’s Year 4 and Year 5 dental students, a mixed-methods questionnaire, and quantitative analysis using SPSS software. The anticipated findings are discussed, highlighting the critical role of targeted education, enforced clinical protocols, and robust waste management infrastructure in dental curricula to mitigate risks. This paper serves as both a foundational review and a detailed research proposal aiming to bridge the gap between established guidelines and clinical practice in an educational setting.
Amalgam, clinical, dental students, management
Copyright (c) 2026 Muhanad Ali Kashmola, Sohaib Saad Ibrahim, Taiba Mohammed Fadhil, Eman Abdul Jabbar Hassan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Association of Obesity with Insulin Resistance, Dyslipidemia, Vitamin D Deficiency, and Glycemic Dysregulation in Pre-Diabetic Patients: A Case-Control Study
This case-control study investigates the interplay between obesity, insulin resistance (IR), hyperlipidemia, vitamin D status, and diabetes risk markers in 90 obese pre-diabetic cases and 20 non-obese controls. Obese cases showed markedly elevated BMI (37.1 ± 5.18 kg/m² vs. 22.83 ± 1.64, p<0.001), fasting insulin (26.4 ± 16.12 µU/mL vs. 9.55 ± 2.61, p<0.001), HOMA-IR (7.4 ± 4.99 vs. 2.19 ± 0.18, p<0.001), total cholesterol (212.66 ± 12.34 mg/dL vs. 166.35 ± 8.8, p<0.001), triglycerides (164.39 ± 11.46 mg/dL vs. 139.8 ± 22.99, p<0.001), and HbA1c (6.02 ± 0.27% vs. 5.04 ± 0.3%, p<0.001), with universal vitamin D deficiency (81.1% abnormal). BMI positively correlated with FBS (r=0.291, p=0.005), HbA1c (r=0.320, p=0.002), cholesterol (r=0.607, p<0.001), triglycerides (r=0.519, p<0.001), and HOMA-IR (r=0.246, p=0.019). These findings underscore obesity's role in driving IR and metabolic perturbations, aligning with recent evidence linking adiposity to type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) progression(1). Obese individuals exhibit significantly higher BMI, fasting insulin, HOMA-IR, cholesterol, triglycerides, and HbA1c compared to controls, alongside vitamin D deficiency(2).
Obesity, Insulin Resistance, HOMA-IR, BMI, HbA1c
Copyright (c) 2026 Hossam B. Bahnasy (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Epidemiological study of hepatitis B virus among immigrants in Khartoum state. Sudan 2021-2022
Summary: Simple, rapid and accurate assays for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) are helpful for clinical diagnosis and field epidemiological surveys. A commercially developed, rapid immunochromatographic test for simultaneous detection of HBsAg, and HBeAg was evaluated using a total of 250 selected samples. Results of the rapid test were compared with standard enzyme immunoassay (EIA) methods for HBsAg and HBeAg detection. The overall sensitivity and specificity for the detection of HBsAg were 95 and 100%, and the corresponding positive and negative predictive values were 100 and 99.7%, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity for the detection of HBeAg were slightly less than that for HBsAg, and were 80 and 98%, with positive and negative predictive values of 91 and 94%, respectively. Thus, compared with the EIA method, the rapid test was highly sensitive and accurate for the detection of HBsAg although somewhat less sensitive and specific for detection of HBeAg. Because of its speed, simplicity and flexibility, the rapid test is ideally suited for HBsAg and HBeAg screening in population-based epidemiological studies and in low-risk populations, particularly in regions of the world where hepatitis B is endemic.
HBsAg, epidemiological studies, EIA, antigen
Copyright (c) 2026 Wafa Mohammed Hussein Abuelgasim, Ayman Anwar Mohammed osman, Muslih Haroun Elhussein Gamea (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
EMPOWERING WOMEN THROUGH HEALTH EDUCATION PROGRAMME FOR SUSTAINABLE COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT IN IMO STATE.
The study examined women empowerment through a health education programme for sustainable community development in Imo State. The wealth of a nation is attributed majorly to its quality health among her citizens, which translates to “health is wealth”. Women health is a critical area of concern that requires adequate attention for the survival of every nation. One research question and one hypothesis guided the study. The study adopted a descriptive survey design with a population of 969 women participants in twenty (20) women empowerment centres in the study area. A proportionate sampling technique was used in selecting 524 respondents as the sample size, with a self-structured questionnaire titled “Empowering Women through Health Education Programme for Sustainable Community Development Questionnaire” (EWTHEPSCDQ). The statistical tools used for data analysis were mean, and z-test. The findings of the study revealed that a health education programme has enabled women to adequately maintain good sanitation, improved their knowledge on maternal mortality, helped them to build their family’s nutrition and increased their awareness of disease prevention and related health issues. The findings also revealed that health education has encouraged women to use obtainable resources for good health in Orsu LGA of Imo State. The study recommended that women should be equipped with comprehensive health education/training at different levels of government and non-governmental sectors, and be allowed to lead health campaigns aimed towards overcoming sociocultural, socio-economic, psychosocial, and public health factors militating against the attainment of sustainable and healthy living among women.
Health Education, Women’s Health, Women Empowerment, Community Development, and Sustainable Community Development
Copyright (c) 2026 OGECHUKWU CHRYSANTUS UDEGBULEM , JOE NKWACHI OBINNA (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Prevalence, Clinical Severity, and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profiles of Neisseria meningitidis Isolates from a Pediatric Population
Invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) remains a significant cause of pediatric morbidity and mortality, particularly in resource-limited settings. Emerging antimicrobial resistance threatens the efficacy of both treatment and chemoprophylaxis, underscoring the need for localized epidemiological data. This retrospective study investigated the epidemiology, clinical severity, and antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of Neisseria meningitidis isolates from pediatric patients (0–5 years) with invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) at a tertiary care hospital in Pakistan from August 2023 to July 2025. Among 68 confirmed cases, meningitis (55.9%) and meningococcemia (35.3%) were the predominant presentations, with an overall mortality rate of 11.8%. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing revealed concerning resistance patterns: 25.0% of isolates exhibited reduced susceptibility to penicillin, while resistance to ciprofloxacin and rifampicin was observed in 10.3% and 8.8% of isolates, respectively. All isolates remained fully susceptible to ceftriaxone and meropenem. Multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) phenotypes were identified in 13.2% and 2.9% of isolates, respectively. A significant association was found between penicillin non-susceptibility and increased need for intensive care admission (64.7% vs. 35.3%, p=0.042). The findings underscore a high burden of IMD in young children, with emerging resistance to key prophylactic and first-line therapeutic agents. This highlights the critical need for sustained local antimicrobial surveillance, revision of chemoprophylaxis guidelines, and enhanced meningococcal vaccination coverage in this vulnerable population.
Neisseria meningitidis; Invasive meningococcal disease; Antimicrobial resistance; Pediatrics; Penicillin non-susceptibility; Chemoprophylaxis
Copyright (c) 2026 Hamad Ali, Saqib Naseeb, Afaq Ahmad, Abdur Razaq, Abbas Khan, Sami Ullah, Yaseen Ali (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Botulinum Toxin A for Female Non–Spinal Neurogenic Voiding Dysfunction: Clinical Efficacy and Predictive Urodynamic Parameters
Dear Editor, I read with great interest the recent article by Sheng-Fu Chen, “Clinical efficacy and urodynamic predictors of successful treatment outcomes following urethral sphincter Botulinum toxin A injection in women with non-spinal cord neurogenic voiding dysfunction,” published in International Urology and Nephrology [1]. This analysis provides precious data to a sparsely explored area; however, several limitations warrant deeper consideration. First, while the authors report outcomes at 3 months, the durability of the Botulinum toxin. The effects and the exposition of frequent injections remain overlooked. Related studies in idiopathic overactive bladder and platelet-rich plasma therapy for female stress urinary incontinence provide mid-term results but lack long-term (>12 months) or multi-cycle efficacy data [2,3]. Without having enough data, the resilience of observed benefits and optimal retreatment intervals remains uncertain Second, the non-appearance of patient-centered outcomes (PROs), such as validated quality-of-life or symptom burden measures, limits understanding of whether urodynamic improvements translate into meaningful daily-life benefits. Prior work has incorporated PROs [4,5], but typically only over temporary windows and rarely across repeated injection cycles. Third, etiquette transparency is limited: the study was not pre-enrolled, and no adherence to TRIPOD or STROBE guidelines is noted as key for replicability in predictive analytics. Finally, the applicability of findings is uncertain, as the single-center, demographically narrow cohort may not reflect broader populations [4,5]. Addressing these gaps, durability, PRO integration, transparent reporting, and demographic applicability would strengthen the clinical evidence for Botulinum toxin A in female non-spinal neurogenic evacuation dysfunction.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dua Jabbar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Some Traditional Medicinal plants Used by Tribes In Telangana state
Traditional Medicinal plants Used by Tribes In Telangana state, which is mainly occupied by tribes revealed that some medicinally important plants were used by herbal healers (ages between 54 - 80 years). In the present study, scientific name, family, vernacular name, habit and medicinal uses have been identified. Traditional Medicine studies were conducted particularly and dense forest where the tribal community inhabits. The present study of the area belonging to the tribes and we were visited, identified and gathered information on different plants used as medicine was recorded by direct observation, casual interview and taken photographs. In the present study, a number of plants which are used by tribes of Telangana State, India for treatment of skin diseases have been documented. The present study is based on the concept of “a plant for cure of a common disease”. For example a single plant was selected for common skin diseases like wounds, ring worm, itching, warts, eczema, vitilago, chicken pocks, measles and etc. Among these plants, some species like Azadirachta indica, Curcuma langa, Annona squamosa, Plumbago zeylanica, Citrus lemon, Terminalia chebula, Phyllanthus emblica, Hybiscus rosasinenesis, Tridax procumbens, Lucas aspera, Ricinus communis and Mangefera indica were collected from the forest for treatment. From the present analysis plant parts are used roots, stem, bark, leaves, seeds and flowers. The present study concludes that, the used the pharmacognostic values of these plants. Such proven plant species may be used in the formulation of new drugs against different ailments. Hence, there is great need of cultivation and conservation of such plants.
Copyright (c) 2026 B. Lalitha Kumari (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Relationship between Dyslipidemia and hyperglycemia in obese patients
Obesity occurs because of the accumulation of fat in the body and can occur due to high cholesterol so that it can interfere with health. This study aims to provide an overview of triglycerides (S.TG), cholesterol (S.TC), fasting blood sugars (FBG) and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) in obese patients. This method is by calculating the Body Mass Index (BMI), S.TG, S.TC, FBG and HbA1c examination. The data obtained were then analyzed descriptively. Based on this research, it was found that most obese patients had high cholesterol levels (101-256 mg/dL) while overweight patients showed moderate cholesterol levels (135-210 mg/dL). In addition, upon triglyceride examination the majority overweight patients still had normal levels (<150 mg/dL) while the obese patients showed high levels (88-300 mg/dl). Moreover, the obese patients manifested high glucose levels (84-413 mg /dl) as well as overweight patients (300-380 mg/dl). Finally, it was found that the obese patients had high glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels (6.10-13.8) as well as overweight patients (9.60-14.0).
Obesity, Overweight, Triglycerides, Cholesterol, Fasting Blood Glucose, HbA1c
Copyright (c) 2026 Hossam B. Bahnasy, El-Mahdi Mohamed (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0