Physiological and Metabolic parameters associated with Ramadan Fasting among undergraduate Medical Students: A Prospective Observational Study

Abstract

Background: Ramadan fasting is a form of intermittent fasting practised by Muslims worldwide during the ninth month of the Islamic lunar calendar. During this period, individuals refrain from consuming food, fluids, and smoking from dawn to sunset for nearly 29–30 consecutive days. Changes in dietary patterns and lifestyle during Ramadan may influence various anthropometric, cardiovascular, and metabolic parameters. Objective: The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of Ramadan fasting on anthropometric, cardiovascular, and metabolic parameters among undergraduate medical students. Materials and Methods: A prospective observational study was conducted among 140 healthy medical students of Mamata Academy of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad, during Ramadan (February–March 2026). Anthropometric and physiological measurements were recorded at two time points: before the commencement of Ramadan and at the end of the fasting period (30th day). Parameters assessed included body weight, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, waist–hip ratio (WHR), heart rate, blood pressure, pulse pressure, mean arterial pressure (MAP), and random blood sugar (RBS).Results: A significant reduction in mean BMI was observed following Ramadan fasting compared to pre-fasting values (25.81 ± 6.1; p < 0.001). Mean mid-arm circumference was significantly lower among fasting individuals (26.7 ± 3.92 cm) compared to non-fasting individuals (28.39 ± 3.98 cm) (p = 0.01). In addition, fasting participants demonstrated lower heart rate, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, mean arterial pressure, and random blood sugar levels when compared with non-fasting participants. These differences were statistically significant (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The findings indicate that fasting has beneficial effects on anthropometric parameters, cardiovascular and metabolic health of individuals.